Editing Language contact (section)

=== Stratal influence ===
{{Main|Stratum (linguistics)}}
When language shift occurs, the language that is replaced (known as the [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]]) can leave a profound impression on the replacing language (known as the [[superstratum]]) when people [[language transfer|retain features]] of the substratum as they learn the new language and pass these features on to their children, which leads to the development of a new variety. For example, the Latin that came to replace local languages in present-day [[France]] during [[Ancient Rome]] times was influenced by [[Gaulish]] and [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]. The distinct pronunciation of the [[Hiberno-English]] dialect, spoken in [[Ireland]], comes partially from the influence of the substratum of [[Irish language|Irish]].

Outside the [[Indo-European]] family, [[Coptic language|Coptic]], the last stage of ancient [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]], is a substratum of [[Egyptian Arabic]].