Editing Long tail (section)

===Networks, crowds, and the long tail===
The "crowds" of customers, users and small companies that inhabit the long-tail distribution can perform collaborative and assignment work.  Some relevant forms of these new production models are:
* The [[Peer-to-peer (meme)|peer-to-peer]] collaboration groups that produce open-source software or create [[wiki]]s such as [[Wikipedia]].
* The [[crowdsourcing]] model, in which a company outsources work to a large group of market players using a collaborative online platform.
* The model of [[crowdcasting]], is the process of building a network of users and then delivering challenges or tasks to be solved with the purpose of gaining insights or innovative ideas.
* Work performed by individuals in commons-like, non-market networks, described in the work of [[Yochai Benkler]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.benkler.org/ |title=Benkler, The Wealth of Networks |publisher=Benkler.org |access-date=25 December 2011}}</ref>

The demand-side factors that lead to the long tail can be amplified by the "networks of products" which are created by hyperlinked recommendations across products. An [[MIS Quarterly]] article by Gal Oestreicher-Singer and [[Arun Sundararajan]] shows that categories of books on [[Amazon.com]] which are more central and thus influenced more by their recommendation network have significantly more pronounced long-tail distributions. Their data across 200 subject areas shows that a doubling of this influence leads to a 50% increase in revenues from the least popular one-fifth of books.<ref>{{cite journal
 | ssrn=1324064
 | title=Recommendation Networks and the Long Tail of Electronic Commerce
 | journal=MIS Quarterly
 | volume= 36
 | author=Oestreicher-Singer, Gal and Arun Sundararajan
| year=2012
 | issue=1
 | pages=65–83
 | doi=10.2307/41410406
 |jstor=41410406
 | url=http://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/29496
 }}</ref>