Editing M1 Garand (section)

==Variants==
{{Overly detailed|details=|date=February 2022|section}}

===Sniper models===
[[File:M1C.jpg|thumb|right|Rifle, Cal. 30, M1C with M84 telescope and rear sight protector]]
[[File:M1D.jpg|thumb|right|Rifle, Cal. 30, M1D with M84 telescope and T-37 [[flash suppressor]]]]

Most variants of the Garand, save the [[sniper]] variants, never saw active duty.<ref name="Bishop"/> The sniper versions were modified to accept scope mounts, and two versions (the ''M1C'', formerly M1E7, and the ''M1D'', formerly M1E8) were produced, although not in significant quantities during World War II.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ewing |first=Mel |url=http://www.snipercentral.com/m1cd.htm |title=Sniper Central: U.S. Army M1C & M1D |website=SniperCentral.com |access-date=15 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025033916/http://www.snipercentral.com/m1cd.htm |archive-date=25 October 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The only difference between the two versions is the mounting system for the [[telescopic sight]]. In June 1944, the M1C was adopted as a standard [[sniper rifle]] by the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] to supplement the venerable [[M1903 Springfield rifle#Variants|M1903A4]], but few saw combat; wartime production was 7,971 M1Cs.<ref name=nra/>

The procedure required to install the M1C-type mounts through drilling/tapping the hardened receiver reduced accuracy by warping the receiver. Improved methods to avoid reduction of accuracy were inefficient in terms of tooling and time. This resulted in the development of the M1D, which utilized a simpler, single-ring Springfield Armory mount attached to the barrel rather than the receiver. The M1C was first widely used during the [[Korean War]]. Korean War production was 4,796 M1Cs and 21,380 M1Ds; although few M1Ds were completed in time to see combat.<ref name=nra/>

The [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] adopted the M1C as their official sniper rifle in 1951. This USMC 1952 sniper's rifle, or MC52, was an M1C with the commercial Stith Bear Cub scope manufactured by the Kollmorgen Optical Company under the military designation: telescopic sight - Model 4XD-USMC. The Kollmorgen scope with a slightly modified [[Griffin & Howe]] mount was designated MC-1. The MC52 was also too late to see extensive combat in Korea, but it remained in Marine Corps inventories until replaced by bolt-action rifles during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name=nra/> The [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] has also used the Garand, but rechambered for the popular at the time [[7.62×51mm NATO]] round and calling it the M1 mod 0&1.The Mod 0 has a metal bushing and during testing was prone to fail and fall out. The Mod 1 was fit with a new barrel; and a piece of plastic to make sure the user didn’t put the original 30-06 cartridge in the gun.
 
A detachable M2 conical flash hider, adopted 25 January 1945 slipped over the muzzle and was secured in place by the bayonet lug. A T37 flash hider was developed later. Flash hiders were of limited utility during low-light conditions around dawn and dusk, but were often removed as potentially detrimental to accuracy.<ref name=nra/>

===Tanker models===
The ''Tanker'' name was invented after the war as a marketing gimmick for commercial Garands built on welded demilled receivers. There are three 18-inch M1 Garand variants, the M1E5 and T26, which never saw service, and the Pacific Warfare Board rifle, which saw very limited service in the Pacific.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2020/10/26/tanker-garands-the-real-story|title = American Rifleman &#124; Official Journal of the NRA &#124; 'Tanker Garands': The Real Story}}</ref> The M1E5 is equipped with a shorter 18-inch (457&nbsp;mm) barrel and a [[Stock (firearms)|folding buttstock]]. The T26 also uses an 18-inch (457&nbsp;mm) [[Gun barrel|barrel]] but retains the standard buttstock. The PWB rifle uses an 18-inch (457&nbsp;mm) barrel, retains the standard buttstock, and has a foregrip secured by M1903 barrel band.

A weapon with those features was potentially valuable for paratroopers, as it was more powerful than the carbines and submachine guns currently in use. Preliminary testing revealed it had excessive recoil and muzzle blast, but it was recommended that it be developed further. The Infantry Board directed Col. Rene Studler to proceed with the project.

The task was assigned to Springfield Armory, and John Garand began work in January 1944. The resultant experimental arm, designated as the "U.S. Carbine, Cal. 30, M1E5", was fitted with a specially made 18-inch barrel (not a shortened standard M1 rifle barrel) marked "1 SA 2-44" and a pantograph metal stock that folded underneath the rifle. The receiver was marked "U.S. Carbine/Cal. .30 M1E5/Springfield/Armory/1". It was designated as a carbine and not a rifle.

Other than the folding stock, the basic M1 rifle was essentially unchanged with the exception of the short barrel, a correspondingly shortened operating rod (and spring) and the lack of a front handguard. The overall length was 37½ inches and it weighed approximately 8 lbs., 6 ozs.

The M1E5 "[[Garand carbine]]" was tested at Aberdeen Proving Ground in May 1944. It was determined that while accuracy at 300 yards was on par with the standard M1 rifle, recoil, muzzle blast and flash were excessive. It was recommended that a pistol grip be installed, which was done for subsequent testing.

While the M1E5 was more compact than the standard Garand rifle, the short barrel made it an unpleasant gun to fire—and the advantages were not judged to be sufficient to offset the disadvantages. Further development of the M1E5 was suspended as other projects at Springfield, such as the selective-fire T20 series, were deemed to have a higher priority. Only one example of the M1E5 was fabricated for testing, and the gun resides today in the Springfield Armory National Historic Site Museum.

Despite the concept being shelved at Springfield Armory, the idea of a shortened M1 rifle was still viewed as potentially valuable for airborne and jungle combat use. Particularly in the Pacific Theater, there was widespread dissatisfaction with the M1 carbine's range, power and foliage-penetration ("brush-cutting") capability. The Ordnance Department was not responsive to these complaints coming in from the Pacific and maintained that the M1 rifle and M1 carbine each filled a specific niche.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Nonetheless, by late 1944, the Pacific Warfare Board (PWB) decided to move forward with the development of a shortened M1 rifle. Colonel William Alexander, chief of the PWB, directed an Army ordnance unit of the [[Sixth United States Army|6th Army]] in the Philippines to fabricate 150 rifles in this configuration for testing. Since the previous M1E5 project was not widely disseminated, it is entirely possible that the PWB may not have been aware of Springfield Armory's development of a similar rifle, and conceived the idea independently.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Some of the shortened M1 rifles were field-tested in October 1944 on [[Noemfoor Island]], New Guinea, by an ad hoc test committee,{{Clarify|date=October 2021}} which included three platoon leaders of the [[503rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR)]] combat team. While the members of the test committee liked the concept of the short M1 rifle, it was determined that the muzzle blast was excessive and was compared to a flash bulb going off in the darkened jungle. The conclusion of the test report stated that the shortened rifle was "totally unsuitable for a combat weapon".{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Even while the shortened M1 rifles were being evaluated by the 503rd PIR, two of them were sent to the Ordnance Dept. in Washington, D.C., by special courier for evaluation. One of these rifles was then forwarded to Springfield Armory.

The M1s shortened in the Philippines under the auspices of the PWB had been well-used prior to modification, and the conversion exhibited rather crude craftsmanship, including hand-cut splines on the barrel.

Upon receipt of the PWB rifle, Springfield Armory's model shop fabricated a very similar shortened M1 that was designated as the "T26". One of the more noticeable differences was that the shortened PWB rifle had a cut-down front handguard (secured by an M1903 rifle barrel band), while the T26 rifle was not fitted with a front handguard. It had been determined that the full-length stock was superior to the M1E5's folding stock, so the T26 used a standard M1 rifle stock.

The PWB rifle, serial No. 2437139, and Springfield Armory's T26 were sent to Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) on 26 July 1945, for testing. The APG report related that a standard M1 rifle, serial No. 1,032,921, was the "control" rifle to which the shorter rifle was compared during the testing. The results mirrored those of the M1E5's previous testing. The test report found that the modified rifle's muzzle flash, blast, and recoil were all significantly higher than that of the standard rifle. Additionally, it was less reliable, leading to it being declared "totally unsuitable as a combat weapon". Nonetheless, in July 1945, 15,000 short M1 rifles were requested for use by airborne troops. The rifles were supposed to be produced within the next five months, but the procurement was canceled due to the [[Surrender of Japan]] in August 1945.<ref name="auto"/>

Springfield Armory made 637,420 more M1 rifles from 1952 to 1957 and contracts were met with two private firms. Harrington & Richardson made 428,600 from 1953 to 1956 and International Harvester made 337,623 from 1953 to 1957. In total 5,468,772 M1 rifles were made from 1937 to 1957.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26 |title=Lever-Action Rifle Resurgence & M1 Garand Rifle Facts |url=https://hookandbarrel.com/lever-action-rifle-resurgence-m1-garand-rifle-facts/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Hook & Barrel Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

===T20E2===
[[File:T20E2 Garand Prototype Rifle.jpg|thumb|right|The T20E2 selective-fire prototype was designed to feed from 20-round BAR magazines.]]

Another variant that never saw duty was the T20E2. It was an experimental, gas-operated, selective fire rifle with a slightly longer receiver than the M1 and modified to accept 20-round [[M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle|Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) magazines]]. The rifle was machined and tapped on the left side of the receiver for a scope mount, and included the same hardware for mounting a grenade launcher as the M1. The bolt had a hold-open device on the rear receiver bridge, as well as a fire selector similar to the [[M14 rifle|M14]]. Full automatic fire was achieved by a connector assembly which was actuated by the operating rod handle. This, in turn, actuated a sear release or trip which, with the trigger held to the rear, disengaged the sear from the hammer lugs immediately after the bolt was locked. In automatic firing, the cyclic rate of fire was 700 rpm. When the connector assembly was disengaged, the rifle could only be fired semi-automatically and functioned in a manner similar to the M1 rifle. The T20 had an overall length of {{convert|48+1/4|in|cm}}, a barrel length of {{convert|24|in|cm}}, and weighed {{convert|9.61|lb|kg}} without accessories and {{convert|12.5|lb|kg}} with bipod and empty magazine. It was designated as limited procurement in May 1945. Due to the [[Surrender of Japan|cessation of hostilities with Japan]], the number for manufacture was reduced to 100. The project was terminated in March 1948.

===Quick reference===
{| class="wikitable"
! U.S. Army designation
! U.S. Navy designation
! Description
|-
|T1
|—
|Prototype
|-
|T1E1
|— 
|A single trial rifle that broke its bolt in the 1931 trial
|-
|T1E2
|— 
|Trial designation for gas-trap Garand; T1E1 with a new bolt.
|-
|M1
|— 
|Basic model. Identical to T1E2. Later change to gas port did not change designation
|-
|M1E1
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; modified cam angle in op-rod
|-
|M1E2
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; [[prismatic scope]] and mount
|-
|M1E3
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; roller added to bolt's cam lug (later adapted for use in the [[M14 rifle|M14]])
|-
|M1E4
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; gas cut-off and expansion system with piston integral to op-rod
|-
|M1E5
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; 18-inch (457&nbsp;mm) barrel, pistol grip and folding stock, for Airborne use 
|-
|M1E6
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; sniper variant
|-
|M1E7/M1C
|— 
|M1E6 Garand variant; M1C sniper variant with 2.2× magnification M73 scope (later modified as the M81, though the M82 or M84 scope could be used) in a [[Griffin & Howe]] mount affixed to the left side of the receiver requiring a leather cheek pad to properly position the shooter's face behind the offset scope<ref name=nra>{{cite journal |last=Canfield |first=Bruce N. |title=Better Late Than Never |journal=[[American Rifleman]] |volume=162 |date=September 2014 |pages=81–85}}</ref>
|-
|M1E8/M1D
|— 
|M1E7 Garand variant; M1D sniper variant with M82 scope (though the M84 scope could be used) in a [[Springfield Armory]] mount attached to the rear of the barrel allowing quick removal of the scope but similarly requiring the leather cheek pad<ref name=nra/>
|-
|M1E9
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; similar to M1E4, with piston separate from op-rod
|-
|M1E10
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; variant with the [[Ag m/42|Ljungman]] direct gas system
|-
|M1E11
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; short-stroke Tappet gas system
|-
|M1E12
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; gas port moved back approx. 6 inches
|-
|M1E13
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; "White" gas cut-off and expansion system
|-
|M1E14
|Mk 2 Mod 0
|M1 Garand variant; rechambered in [[7.62×51mm NATO]] with press-in chamber insert, enlarged gas port, and 7.62mm barrel bushing.{{sfn|Thompson|2012|p=38}}
|-
|T20
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; select-fire conversion by [[John Garand]], capable of using [[M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle|BAR]] magazines
|-
|T20E1
|— 
|T20 variant; uses its own type of magazines
|-
|T20E2
|— 
|T20 variant; E2 magazines will work in [[M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle|BAR]], but not the reverse
|-
|T20E2HB
|— 
|T20E2 variant; HBAR (heavy barrel) variant
|-
|T22
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; fully automatic select-fire conversion by [[Remington Arms|Remington]], magazine-fed
|-
|T22E1
|— 
|T22 variant; improved magazine release and bolt hold-open device
|-
|T22E2
|— 
|T22 variant; improved trigger group, gas cylinder, muzzle brake, and bipod
|-
|T22E3HB
|— 
|T22 variant; stock angled upwards to reduce muzzle climb; heavy barrel; uses T27 fire control
|-
|T23
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; upward angled stock like T22E3HB; standard clip fed.
|-
|T25
|— 
|T25 variant had a pistol grip: the stock angled upwards to reduce muzzle climb; and chambered for the new T65 .30 Light Rifle [[Cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]] (7.62×49mm).<ref name="RAY">{{cite book |title=Random Shots: Episodes In The Life Of A Weapons Developer |first=Roy E. |last=Rayle |date=2008 |location=Bennington, VT |publisher=Merriam Press |isbn=978-1-4357-5021-0 |pages=17–22, 95–95}}</ref>
|-
|T26
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; 18-inch (457&nbsp;mm) barrel and standard stock, 1 prototype made by Springfield Armory used for testing, proposed use was for airborne and jungle operations. 
|-
|PWB rifle
|— 
|M1 Garand variant; 18-inch (457&nbsp;mm) barrel and standard stock and shortened foregrip secured with M1903 barrel band. 150 made in the Pacific theater of operations upon request by the Pacific War Board for airborne and jungle use.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|T27
|— 
|[[Remington Arms|Remington]] select-fire field conversion for M1 Garand; ability to convert issue M1 Garands to select-fire rifles; fire control setup used in T22E3
|-
|T31
|— 
|Experimental bullpup variant
|-
|T35
|Mk 2 Mod 1
|M1 Garand variant; rechambered for [[7.62×51mm NATO]]; While the majority used the standard ''en bloc'' clip, a small number were experimentally fitted with a 10-round internal magazine loaded by 5-round [[stripper clip]]s.<ref>Historicalfirearms. (2016, 5 February). The T35 side-loading Garand in 1951/52 Springfield... Historical Firearms. https://www.historicalfirearms.info/post/138754496306/the-t35-side-loading-garand-in-195152-springfield</ref>
|-
|T36
|— 
|T20E2 variant; rechambered for 7.62×51mm NATO using T35 barrel and [[M14 rifle#Early development|T25]] magazine
|-
|T37
|— 
|T36 variant; same as T36, except in gas port location
|-
|T44
|— 
|T44 variant; was a conventional design developed on a shoestring budget as an alternative to the T47.<ref name="RAY"/> With only minimal funds available, the earliest T44 prototypes simply used T20E2 receivers fitted with magazine filler blocks and re-barreled for 7.62×51mm NATO, with the long operating rod/piston of the M1 replaced by the T47's gas cut-off system.<ref name="RAY"/>
|-
|T47
|— 
|T47 variant; same as the T25, except for a conventional stock and chambered for 7.62×51mm NATO.<ref name="RAY"/>
|-
|}

===Demilitarized versions===
[[Drill purpose rifle|Demilitarized models]] are rendered permanently inoperable, unless proper techniques, tools, and replacement parts are used to restore the rifle to safe operation. Their barrels have been drilled out to destroy the rifling. A steel rod is then inserted into the barrel and welded at both ends. Sometimes, their barrels are also filled with molten lead or solder. Their gas ports or operating system are also welded closed. Their barrels are then welded to their receivers to prevent replacement. Their firing pin holes are welded closed on the bolt face. As a result, they cannot be loaded with, much less fire live ammunition. However, they may still be used for demonstration or instructional purposes.

{| class="wikitable"
! Nomenclature
! [[National Stock Number]]
! Description
|-
|Rifle, Inert,<br />Caliber .30, M1
|1005-00-599-3289
|Demilitarized and barrel plugged. US Air Force instructional use.
|-
|Rifle, Training Aid, Caliber .30, M1
|1005-01-061-2456
|Demilitarized and barrel plugged. Instructional use.
|-
|Rifle, Dummy Drill, Caliber .30, M1
|1005-01-113-3767
|Demilitarized. Barrel is unplugged but is welded to the receiver. [[ROTC]] instructional use.
|-
|Rifle, Ceremonial, Caliber .30, M1
|1005-01-095-0085
|Gas cylinder lock valve is removed and the gas system has welds permanently joining the lock and gas cylinder to prevent reversion. Barrel is unplugged but is welded to the receiver. The weapon has been converted from semi-automatic to a repeater and can only fire blanks. The bolt must be cycled to eject the spent cartridge case and reload a fresh round from the internal clip. Used by [[American Legion]] and [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] honor guards for parading and firing [[Three-volley salute|ceremonial salutes]].
|}

===Rechambered versions===
M1 Garands in Pakistan were found to be chambered in [[7.92×57mm Mauser|7.92×57&nbsp;mm]] due to a lack of .30-06 ammo in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://silahreport.com/2020/01/04/kpk-region-8mm-m1-garand-rifles/ |title=Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Region Modified 8mm M1 Garand Rifles – Silah Report |date=7 February 2020 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207215653/http://silahreport.com/2020/01/04/kpk-region-8mm-m1-garand-rifles/ |archive-date=7 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Modern Garands can be gunsmith built in several novel cartridges, with examples known up to .458 Winchester Magnum.  While not common, 6.5×55mm Swedish barrels are occasionally available to convert with nothing more than a barrel change, though the en bloc clips are more difficult to load and often require a tool.