Editing Magnetocaloric effect (section)

== Commercial development ==

Research and a demonstration proof of concept device in 2001 succeeded in applying commercial-grade materials and permanent magnets at room temperatures to construct a magnetocaloric refrigerator.<ref name="Ames Lab-2001">{{cite news | url = http://www.ameslab.gov/news/ins01-11Magnetic.htm | last = Gibson | first = Kerry | work = INSIDER Newsletter for employees of Ames Laboratory | title = Magnetic Refrigerator Successfully Tested: Ames Laboratory developments help push boundaries of new refrigeration technology | date = November 2001 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527140630/http://www.ameslab.gov/news/ins01-11Magnetic.htm | archive-date = 2010-05-27 }}(Vol. 112, No.10 )</ref>

On August 20, 2007, the [[Risø National Laboratory]] (Denmark) at the [[Technical University of Denmark]], claimed to have reached a milestone in their magnetic cooling research when they reported a temperature span of 8.7&nbsp;K.<ref>[http://www.risoe.dk/News_archives/News/2007/0820_magnetisk_koeling.aspx Milestone in magnetic cooling, Risø News, August 20, 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905023927/http://www.risoe.dk/News_archives/News/2007/0820_magnetisk_koeling.aspx |date=September 5, 2007 }}. Retrieved August 28, 2007.</ref> They hoped to introduce the first commercial applications of the technology by 2010.

As of 2013 this technology had proven commercially viable only for ultra-low temperature [[cryogenic]] applications available for decades. Magnetocaloric refrigeration systems are composed of pumps, motors, secondary fluids, heat exchangers of different types, magnets and magnetic materials. These processes are greatly affected by irreversibilities and should be adequately considered.
At year-end, Cooltech Applications announced that its first commercial refrigeration equipment would enter the market in 2014. Cooltech Applications launched their first commercially available magnetic refrigeration system on 20 June 2016.
At the 2015 [[Consumer Electronics Show]] in Las Vegas, a consortium of [[Haier]], [[Astronautics Corporation of America]] and [[BASF]] presented the first cooling appliance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Premiere of cutting-edge magnetocaloric cooling appliance|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnl9m0rSE7U| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106071051/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnl9m0rSE7U&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2015-01-06 | url-status=dead|publisher=BASF|access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref> BASF claim of their technology a 35% improvement over using compressors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.basf-new-business.com/en/projects/e-power-management/solid-state-cooling/|title=Solid state cooling|work=BASF New Business GmbH|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref>

In November 2015, at the Medica 2015 fair, Cooltech Applications presented, in collaboration with Kirsch medical GmbH, the world's first magnetocaloric medical cabinet.<ref>[https://www.kirsch-medical.com/products/magnetocool.html first magnetocaloric medical cabinet]</ref> One year later, in September 2016, at the 7th International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature (Thermag VII)] held in Torino, Italy, Cooltech Applications presented the world's first magnetocaloric frozen heat exchanger.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://iifiir.org/fr/fridoc/7-lt-sup-gt-e-lt-sup-gt-conference-internationale-sur-le-froid-magnetique-a-6052 | title=7th International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature (Thermag VII). Proceedings: Turin, Italy, September 11-14, 2016 | date=11 September 2016 }}</ref>

In 2017, Cooltech Applications presented a fully functional 500 liters' magnetocaloric cooled cabinet with a {{cvt|30|kg|lb}} load and an air temperature inside the cabinet of +2{{nbsp}}°C. That proved that magnetic refrigeration is a mature technology, capable of replacing the classic refrigeration solutions.

One year later, in September 2018, at the 8th International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature (Thermag VIII]), Cooltech Applications presented a paper on a magnetocaloric prototype designed as a 15&nbsp;kW proof-of-concept unit.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lionte |first1=Sergiu |last2=Risser |first2=Michel |last3=Muller |first3=Christian |title=A 15kW magnetocaloric proof-of-concept unit: Initial development and first experimental results |journal=International Journal of Refrigeration |date=February 2021 |volume=122 |pages=256–265 |doi=10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.09.019 }}</ref> This has been considered by the community as the largest magnetocaloric prototype ever created.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kitanovski |first1=Andrej |title=Energy Applications of Magnetocaloric Materials |journal=Advanced Energy Materials |date=March 2020 |volume=10 |issue=10 |doi=10.1002/aenm.201903741 |bibcode=2020AdEnM..1003741K }}</ref>

At the same conference, Dr. Sergiu Lionte announced that, due to financial issues, Cooltech Applications declared bankruptcy.<ref>[http://thermag2018.de/frontend/folder_id=1511.html Dr. Sergiu Lionte's speech at Thermag VIII conference as invited speaker]</ref> Later on, in 2019 Ubiblue company, today named Magnoric, is formed by some of the old Cooltech Application's team members. The entire patent portfolio form Cooltech Applications was taken over by Magnoric since then, while publishing additional patents at the same time.

In 2019, at the 5th Delft Days Conference on Magnetocalorics, Dr. Sergiu Lionte presented Ubiblue's (former Cooltech Application) last prototype.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DDMC 2019|url=https://www.tudelft.nl/tnw/over-faculteit/afdelingen/radiation-science-technology/research/research-groups/fundamental-aspects-of-materials-and-energy/workshopsconferences/delft-days-magnetocalorics/ddmc-2019|access-date=2021-11-07|website=TU Delft|language=nl-NL}}</ref> Later, the magnetocaloric community acknowledged that Ubiblue had the most developed magnetocalorics prototypes.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1002/aenm.201903741 | title=Energy Applications of Magnetocaloric Materials | date=2020 | last1=Kitanovski | first1=Andrej | journal=Advanced Energy Materials | volume=10 | issue=10 | s2cid=213786208 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2020AdEnM..1003741K }}</ref>

Thermal and magnetic [[hysteresis]] problems remain to be solved for first-order phase transition materials that exhibit the GMCE.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

[[Vapor-compression refrigeration]] units typically achieve performance coefficients of 60% of that of a theoretical ideal [[Carnot cycle]], much higher than current MR technology. Small domestic refrigerators are however much less efficient.<ref>{{cite conference |osti=40784 |title=Improving the energy efficiency of refrigerators in India|publisher= US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information | conference= Annual meeting of the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), San Diego, CA (United States), 24-28 Jun 1995  |date=2012-08-31 |orig-date=1995 |last1=Sand |first1=J. R. |last2=Vineyard |first2=E. A. |last3=Bohman |first3=R. H. }}</ref>

In 2014 giant anisotropic behavior of the magnetocaloric effect was found in {{chem|HoMn|2|O|5}} at 10 K. The anisotropy of the magnetic entropy change gives rise to a large rotating MCE offering the possibility to build simplified, compact, and efficient magnetic cooling systems by rotating it in a constant magnetic field.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balli |first1=M. |last2=Jandl |first2=S. |last3=Fournier |first3=P. |last4=Gospodinov |first4=M. M. |title=Anisotropy-enhanced giant reversible rotating magnetocaloric effect in HoMn2O5 single crystals |journal=Applied Physics Letters |date=9 June 2014 |volume=104 |issue=23 |doi=10.1063/1.4880818 }}</ref>

In 2015 Aprea ''et al.''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aprea |first1=Ciro |last2=Greco |first2=Adriana |last3=Maiorino |first3=Angelo |title=GeoThermag: A geothermal magnetic refrigerator |journal=International Journal of Refrigeration |date=November 2015 |volume=59 |pages=75–83 |doi=10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.07.014 }}</ref> presented a new refrigeration concept, GeoThermag, which is a combination of magnetic refrigeration technology with that of low-temperature geothermal energy. To demonstrate the applicability of the GeoThermag technology, they developed a pilot system that consists of a 100-m deep geothermal probe; inside the probe, water flows and is used directly as a regenerating fluid for a magnetic refrigerator operating with gadolinium. The GeoThermag system showed the ability to produce cold water even at 281.8 K in the presence of a heat load of 60 W. In addition, the system has shown the existence of an optimal frequency f AMR, 0.26&nbsp;Hz, for which it was possible to produce cold water at 287.9 K with a thermal load equal to 190 W with a COP of 2.20. Observing the temperature of the cold water that was obtained in the tests, the GeoThermag system showed a good ability to feed the cooling radiant floors and a reduced capacity for feeding the fan coil systems.