Editing Magnus effect (section)

== History ==
The effect is named after German physicist [[Heinrich Gustav Magnus]] who demonstrated the effect with a rapidly rotating brass cylinder and an air blower in 1852.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Magnus |first=G. |date=1852 |title=Über die Abweichung der Geschosse |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/92700#page/61/mode/1up |trans-title=On the Deviation of Projectiles |journal=Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |language=DE |pages=1–23 |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Magnus |first1=G. |title=Ueber die Abweichung der Geschosse, und: Ueber eine auffallende Erscheinung bei rotirenden Körpern |trans-title=On the deviation of projectiles, and: On a sinking phenomenon among rotating bodies |language=de |journal=Annalen der Physik |date=January 1853 |volume=164 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1002/andp.18531640102 |bibcode=1853AnP...164....1M }}</ref><ref name="Seifert"/>{{rp|18}} [[Isaac Newton]] was the first to observe and explain the effect in 1672 after observing [[Real tennis|tennis]] players at [[Cambridge]] college.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Newton |first1=Isaac |title=A letter of Mr. Isaac Newton, Professor of the Mathematicks in the University of Cambridge; containing his new theory about light and colors: sent by the author to the publisher from Cambridge, Febr. 6. 1671/72; in order to be communicated to the R. Society |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |date=19 February 1672 |volume=6 |issue=80 |pages=3075–3087 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1671.0072 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wzkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |title=Proceedings of the 2nd International Seminar on Aeronautics and Energy: ISAE 2022 |date=2024 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-99-6874-9 |editor-last=Nik Mohd |editor-first=Nik Ahmad Ridhwan |series= |location= |pages=198 |editor-last2=Mat |editor-first2=Shabudin}}</ref> In 1742, [[Benjamin Robins]], a British mathematician, ballistics researcher, and military engineer, explained deviations in the trajectories of musket balls due to their rotation.<ref>Benjamin Robins, ''New Principles of Gunnery:  Containing the Determinations of the Force of Gun-powder and Investigations of the Difference in the Resisting Power of the Air to Swift and Slow Motions'' (London: J. Nourse, 1742). (On p. 208 of the 1805 edition of Robins' ''New Principles of Gunnery'', Robins describes an experiment in which he observed the Magnus effect:  A ball was suspended by a tether consisting of two strings twisted together, and the ball was made to swing.  As the strings unwound, the swinging ball rotated, and the plane of its swing also rotated.  The direction the plane rotated depended on the direction that the ball rotated.)</ref><ref>Tom Holmberg, "[http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/c_velocity.html Artillery Swings Like a Pendulum...]" in "The Napoleon Series"</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steele |first1=Brett D. |title=Muskets and Pendulums: Benjamin Robins, Leonhard Euler, and the Ballistics Revolution |journal=Technology and Culture |date=1994 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=348–382 |id={{Project MUSE|887921}} |jstor=3106305 |doi=10.1353/tech.1994.0084 }}</ref><ref>Newton's and Robins' observations of the Magnus effect are reproduced in: Peter Guthrie Tait (1893) "[https://archive.org/details/scientificpaper01taitgoog/page/n383 <!-- pg=356 --> On the path of a rotating spherical projectile]," ''Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh'', vol. 37, pages 427–440.</ref>

Pioneering [[wind tunnel]] research on the Magnus effect was carried out with smooth rotating spheres in 1928.<ref name="MacColl-1928">{{cite journal |last1=Maccoll |first1=John W. |title=Aerodynamics of a Spinning Sphere |journal=The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society |date=September 1928 |volume=32 |issue=213 |pages=777–798 |doi=10.1017/S0368393100136260 }}</ref> [[Lyman Briggs]] later studied baseballs in a wind tunnel,<ref name="Lyman">{{cite journal |last1=Briggs |first1=Lyman J. |title=Effect of Spin and Speed on the Lateral Deflection (Curve) of a Baseball; and the Magnus Effect for Smooth Spheres |journal=American Journal of Physics |date=November 1959 |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=589–596 |doi=10.1119/1.1934921 |bibcode=1959AmJPh..27..589B }}</ref> and others have produced images of the effect.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=F |title=See the Wind Blow |year=1971 |location=University of Notre Dame}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Van Dyke |first=Milton |title=An album of Fluid motion |year=1982 |location=Stanford University}}</ref><ref name="Cross" /> The studies show that a turbulent wake behind the spinning ball causes aerodynamic drag, plus there is a noticeable angular deflection in the wake, and this deflection is in the direction of spin.