Editing Maxim Berezovsky (section)

== Works==
{{Further-text|{{Ill|List of choral works by Maxim Sozontovich Berezovsky|ru|Список хоровых произведений Максима Созонтовича Березовского|uk|Список хорових творів Максима Созонтовича Березовського}}}}

Most of Berezovsky's compositions are lost. Of the 18 choral concertos he wrote, three are extant, of which only one autograph score, the antiphony he wrote during his exam for election to the Academy of Music, is known.<ref name="Yur" /> Of the 40 choral works recorded during the 19th century, approximately half have been lost.{{sfn|Kuzma|2001}}

In 1901, the music encyclopedia [[Riemann Musiklexikon]] referred to "not only the ''Demofonte'' opera, but also other secular works" by the composer that had been written in Italy.{{sfn|Karabits|2021|p=19}} The description of Berezovsky as a composer of sacred music who occasionally produced secular works has since been challenged by some modern scholars.{{sfn|Shumilina|2020}} His opera ''Demofonte'' and his violin sonata are the first examples of these genres by either a Ukrainian or a Russian composer.<ref name="Yur" />

===Sacred music===
Berezovsky became famous for his choral works. The style of his choral concertos influenced later composers such as Bortniansky and Vedel.<ref name="Yur" />&nbsp;His most well-known choral works are the concerto&nbsp;"{{lang|ru|Ne otverzhi mene vo vremya starosti}}" ("Do Not Forsake Me in My Old Age"),<ref name="Wyt" /> considered by musicologists to be his last composition,{{sfn|Shumilina|2019}}&nbsp;[[liturgical music]]&nbsp;for the [[Lord's Prayer]] and the [[Credo]], and four [[Eucharist|communion]] hymns: "{{lang|uk|Chashu spaseniia}}" ("Chalice of Salvation"), "{{lang|uk|V pamiat' vichnuiu}}" ("In Eternal Memory"), "{{lang|uk|Tvoriai anhely svoia}}" ("Let the Angels Create"), and "{{lang|uk|Vo vsiu zemliu}}" ("Over All the Land"). They are related to Ukrainian&nbsp;folk songs&nbsp;and to the tradition of [[Kievan chant]].<ref name="Wyt" /> "Do Not Forsake Me in My Old Age" was first published in 1817.{{sfn|Shumilina|2018}} It is sung regularly by Russian and Ukrainian choirs.{{sfn|Kuzma|2001}} Some of Berezovsky's communion hymns are lost, and it is possible that of those that are extant, some were not composed by him.<ref name="Yur" />

Berezovsky was one of the creators of the Ukrainian choral style in sacred music, and the first composer to divide the Orthodox Liturgy into seven parts,<ref name="Rud" /><ref name="Wyt">{{cite web |last1=Wytwycky |first1=Wasyl |title=Berezovsky, Maksym|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBerezovskyMaksym.htm|website=Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref> providing each of them with a distinctive role. His settings are notable for their expressive melodies, which contain hints of Ukrainian folk songs. He originated the use of the folk tradition of homophonic choral recitation in the genre.<ref name="Yur" />

Lidiya Korniy writes that Berezovsky raised the genre of sacred concertos to the highest musical and artistic level.{{sfn|Korniy|1998|p=202}} According to Yurchenko, the quality of some of Berezovsky's liturgical works is "unparalleled not only in Ukrainian but in European music".&nbsp;Prior to 2018, three choral concertos were attributed to Berezovsky,<ref name="Yur"/> written during his second period in Saint Petersburg.<ref name="Rud" /> Berezovsky created the four-movement classical choral concerto.<ref name="Yur" />&nbsp;

In 2001, some of Berezovsky's choral works were found in Kyiv, where following the end of World War II they had been placed in the care of the Kyiv Conservatory, before being moved to the {{Ill|Central State Archive of Ukraine|uk|Центральний державний архів вищих органів влади та управління України}}.{{sfn|Karabits|2021|p=18}} In 2018, a volume of newly discovered choral concerti by Berezovsky, nine for four voices, and three for double-choir, were published, nearly all for the first time.{{sfn|Yurchenko|2018|p=5}}

===Secular music===
====''Demofonte''====
[[File:Demofonte Aria of Timant score.jpg|thumb|A fragment of Berezovky's [[manuscript]] from the score of his opera ''[[Demofonte (Berezovsky)|Demofonte]]'' (1773)]]

Berezovsky's opera ''[[Demofonte (Berezovsky)|Demofonte]]'' was commissioned and paid for by the Russian statesman Count [[Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov]], who was stationed with his squadron in Livorno. The opera was staged during the town's annual carnival in February 1773, and was well received.{{sfn|Shumilina|2019}}

Four arias, discovered in a music library in Florence, have survived: {{lang|it|Mentre il cor con meste voci}}, {{lang|it|Misero pargoletto}}, {{lang|it|Per lei fra l'armi}}, and {{lang|it|Prudente mi chiedi}}.{{sfn|Kuzma|2001}}<ref name="Ker">{{cite web |last1=Kerkhoff |first1=Sven |title=Reviews – Berezovsky, M. (Currentzis) : Weltliche Musik |url=https://www.musikansich.de/review.php?id=1221 |publisher=Musik an sich |access-date=22 October 2023 |language=de}}</ref>{{sfn|Suprun-Yaremko|2014|p=414}} The two arias each for Demophoön (tenor) and Timanthes (castrato)—were in a copyist's score. Timanthes' arias, {{lang|it|Misero pargoletto}} and {{lang|it|Prudente mi chiedi?}}, contain [[da capo]] sections in the style of [[Niccolò Jommelli]].<ref name="Tar">{{cite web |last1=Taruskin |first1=Richard |title=Berezovsky, Maxim Sozontovich (opera) |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O900539 |website=Grove Music Online |access-date=15 October 2023 |page=|url-access=subscription |date=2002|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O900539 }}</ref> Their quality testifies to the composer's experience of the opera seria genre.{{sfn|Ritzarev|2006|p=116}}

The opera was performed both in Livorno and Florence, according to two accounts of productions found in "Notizie del mondo" published in Livorno on 27 February 1773. They show that ''Demofonte'' was performed as part of Livorno's town carnival, as well as in a Florentine theatre. An entry listing the opera was also found in the Milanese "Index of Theatre Performances for 1773".{{sfn|Suprun-Yaremko|2014|p=414}}

The autograph manuscripts from ''Demofonte'' are held in the library of the [[Florence Conservatory|Conservatorio Luigi Cherubini]].{{sfn|Shulgina|2020|p=171}} [[Sergei Diaghilev]], the founder of the [[Ballets Russes]], was prevented from reviving the opera, as so much was lost.<ref name="Tar" />

====Violin sonata====
Berezovsky's symphony in [[C major]] and the sonata for violin and harpsichord in C major both have a cyclical structure and are written in an early [[sonata form]], a musical style that is positioned somewhere between the [[Baroque music|Baroque]] and [[Classical period (music)|Classical]] styles of music.{{sfn|Shumilina|2020}}

The sonata (1772), composed when he was in [[Pisa]],<ref name="Pry" /> contains both Italian and Ukrainian elements. The influence of Ukrainian folk songs is found in the third [[Movement (music)|movement]], and the work incorporates the melody to a traditional folk song, "[[Ikhav Kozak za Dunaj|The Cossack Rode beyond the Danube]]". The complexity of the violin part shows that Berezovsky was able to play the instrument at a professional level.{{sfn|Korniy|1998|p=303}}

The piece consists of three movements:{{sfn|Korniy|1998|p=303}}

{{ordered list|list_style_type=upper-roman
|''[[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Allegro]]''
|''[[Tempo#French tempo markings|Grave]]'' 
|''[[Minuet]]'' {{lang|it|con 6 variazioni}}
}}

The manuscript score, along with many other culturally important documents and objects, was taken by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s army to Paris. In 1974, the work was mentioned in an account of Berezovsky's life by the musicologist {{Ill|Vasyl Vytvytsky|uk|Витвицький Василь}}.{{sfn|Shumilina|2020}} The manuscript of the sonata was obtained from the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] (code D 11688),{{sfn|Ritzarev|2006|p=113}}{{sfn|Korniy|1998|p=303}} and published in Kyiv by the Ukrainian composer [[Mykhailo Stepanenko]].<ref name="Pry" /> Its first performance, with Stepanenko accompanying the violinist Alexander Panov, took place on 26 May 1981 at the Kyiv Conservatory (now the [[Ukrainian National Tchaikovsky Academy of Music]]).{{sfn|Shulgina|2020|p=172}}

In the early 2000s,{{sfn|Shumilina|2021|pp=24{{ndash}}25}} a manuscript entitled {{lang|it|Sonata Per il Clavircembalo Del. Sig. Ber[esowsky]}} was found in the library of the [[Czartoryski Museum]] by the Ukrainian academic {{Ill|Valeriya Shulgina|uk|Шульгіна Валерія Дмитрівна}}.{{sfn|Shulgina|2020|p=170}} The attribution to Berezovsky was confirmed by Shulgina and experts at the [[National Library of Poland]], who analysed the handwriting and demonstrated that the sonatas were written out by one person. A comparison of the sonatas with Berezovsky's surviving autograph of the antiphon he wrote as an examination piece in 1771 shows that manuscript was written by a copyist.{{sfn|Shulgina|2020|p=172{{ndash}}173}} In 2014, the works were reattributed as being of Czech origin, when the composers were identified as being [[Johann Andreas Kauchlitz Colizzi|Kauchlitz Colizzi]], [[Johann Baptist Wanhal]], and probably the clarinettist [[Joseph Beer (clarinetist)|Joseph Beer]].{{sfn|Shumilina|2021|pp=24{{ndash}}25}}

====Symphony in C major====
[[File:Berezovsky, first pages of Symphony "XXX".jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|The first two pages of Berezovsky's symphony in [[C major]]]]

The article "Symphony: 18th century" of the 1980 edition of the ''[[New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'' noted that "many Italian overtures have found their way into Russian libraries; and Berezovsky's Russian symphony/overture has been preserved in the Doria Pamphilj collection in Rome."{{sfn|Karabits|2021|p=20}} It is the earliest symphony known to be written by a Russian composer.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Русско-итальянские стилевые диалоги в симфонии С-dur Максима Березовского |trans-title=Russo-Italian stylistic dialogues in Maxim Berezovsky's Symphony in C Major |last=Alyoshina |first=Margarita Nikolayevna |date=2015 |journal= Вестник Кемеровского государственного университета культуры и искусств |trans-journal=Journal of Culture and Arts of Kemerovo State University |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/russko-italyanskie-stilevye-dialogi-v-simfonii-s-dur-maksima-berezovskogo |access-date=2 August 2024}}</ref>

In 1996, an article in ''{{Ill|lt=Muzyka|Muzyka (magazine)|uk|Музика (журнал)}}'' was the first to report the existence of a symphony by Berezovsky.<!-- (Ivchenko, Larysa. The mystery of Signor Bereseiollo's symphony [Tayemnytsya symfonii seniora Bereseiollo] // Music [Muzyka.] 1996. № 1. pp. 6–8. 3, 15) -->{{sfn|Karabits|2021|p=16}} The work, in C major, and named on the first page as {{lang|it|Symphonia XXX}}, was discovered by the American conductor [[Steven Fox]] in 2002. Fox found a manuscript of the score in the music collection of an Italian aristocratic family, and was given permission for the work to be performed.{{sfn|Rakochi|2018}} The manuscript of the work is held in the {{lang|it|Archivio Doria Pamphilj}}, in Rome.{{sfn|Karabits|2021|p=20}} It is hand-bound within the penultimate volume—"XXX"—along with five symphonies by other composers. Berezovsky's symphony was written out in parts, as most symphonies in the 18th century were published, but rather in the form of a full score.{{sfn|Karabits|2021|pp=21{{ndash}}22}}

Shumilina has suggested the possibility that the symphony was an [[overture]] to Berezovsky's opera and not a separate orchestral work.{{sfn|Shumilina|2020}} It was first performed by the early music orchestra Pratum Integrum in 2003, at the [[Royal Academy of Music]] in London. It was first played in Ukraine in 2016.{{sfn|Rakochi |2018}}{{sfn|Karabits|2021|p=20}}

====Symphonies by "Beresciollo"====
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| video1 = [[Ukrinform|UA-TV]]'s [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l61kI6yDMoY world premiere of two symphonies by Berezovsky, followed by a performance of his Symphony No. 1] ({{Ill|Ukrainian National Chamber Ensemble|uk|Київські солісти}}, conductor [[Kirill Karabits]]).
}}

Two symphonies that are likely to have been composed by Berezovsky—in C major and [[G major]] (named on the scores as XIII and XI respectively)—have since been found in Paris.<ref name="ABC" /> The works were composed by an otherwise unknown man named Beresciollo. Published in 1760 in Paris, copies are now known to exist found in a number of European libraries.{{sfn|Karabits|2021|p=16}}{{refn|1=Beresciollo's two symphonies were preserved in the Bibliothèque nationale de France; the Universitätsbibliothek, Musiksammlung, Basel; the archives of the city of Agen, France; Musik- och teaterbiblioteket, Stockholm); Bibliothèque municipale, Bordeaux; and the Danish Royal Library in Copenhagen.{{sfn|Karabits|2021|p=23}}|group=note}} Certain themes in Beresciollo's Symphony in G major have an affinity with Ukrainian folk music.{{sfn|Karabits|2021|p=23}} They were performed for the first time in 2020 by the {{Ill|Ukrainian National Chamber Ensemble|uk|Київські солісти}}, conducted by Karabits.<ref name="ABC">{{cite web |title=Rediscovered symphonies of Maksym Berezovsky, the 'Mozart from Ukraine' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/classic/programs/lunchtime-concert/lunchtime-concert-maksym-berezovsky-ukraine/13864786 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Company]] |access-date=14 October 2023 |date=16 May 2022}}</ref>

It was announced that the works were composed by Berezovsky in Kyiv in 1995, during the celebrations of the composer's 250th birthday.{{sfn|Karabits|2021|p=16}} Berezovsky was a foreigner in Italy, and so was titled as {{lang|it|Signor}}. His surname may have been written differently because of errors in transcribing the handwritten transcription of his name from the Russian, which would not have been easy for the West Europeans to read.{{sfn|Karabits|2021|p=25}}