Editing Microbial ecology (section)

== Antimicrobials ==
Antimicrobials are substances that are capable of killing microorganism.  Antimicrobial can be antibacterial or antibiotic, antifungal or antiviral substance and most of these substance are natural products or may have been obtain from natural products.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |last=Strohl |first=William R. |title=Antimicrobials |date=2014-04-09 |work=Microbial Diversity and Bioprospecting |pages=336–355 |editor-last=Bull |editor-first=Alan T. |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1128/9781555817770.ch31 |access-date=2024-10-25 |place=Washington, DC, USA |publisher=ASM Press |language=en |doi=10.1128/9781555817770.ch31 |isbn=978-1-68367-217-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>  Natural products are therefore vital in the discovery of pharmaceutical agents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Newman |first1=David J. |last2=Cragg |first2=Gordon M. |date=2016-02-07 |title=Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs from 1981 to 2014 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01055 |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=629–661 |doi=10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01055 |pmid=26852623 |issn=0163-3864}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jakubiec-Krzesniak |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Rajnisz-Mateusiak |first2=Aleksandra |last3=Guspiel |first3=Adam |last4=Ziemska |first4=Joanna |last5=Solecka |first5=Jolanta |date=2018-01-01 |title=Secondary Metabolites of Actinomycetes and their Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral Properties |journal=Polish Journal of Microbiology |language=en |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=259–272 |doi=10.21307/pjm-2018-048 |issn=2544-4646 |pmc=7256786 |pmid=30451442}}</ref> Most of the naturally obtained antibiotics are produced by organism under the phylum Actinobacteria. The genus Streptomyces are responsible for most of the antibiotic substances produced by Actinobacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chater |first=Keith F. |date=2016-11-30 |title=Recent advances in understanding Streptomyces |journal=F1000Research |volume=5 |pages=2795 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.9534.1 |doi-access=free |pmid=27990276 |pmc=5133688 |issn=2046-1402}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barka |first1=Essaid Ait |last2=Vatsa |first2=Parul |last3=Sanchez |first3=Lisa |last4=Gaveau-Vaillant |first4=Nathalie |last5=Jacquard |first5=Cedric |last6=Klenk |first6=Hans-Peter |last7=Clément |first7=Christophe |last8=Ouhdouch |first8=Yder |last9=van Wezel |first9=Gilles P. |date=March 2016 |title=Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00019-15 |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=1–43 |doi=10.1128/mmbr.00019-15 |pmid=26609051 |pmc=4711186 |issn=1092-2172}}</ref> These natural products with antimicrobial properties belong to the [[terpenoid]]s, spirotetronate, tetracenedione, [[lactam]], and other groups of compounds. Examples include napyradiomycin, nomimicin, formicamycin, and isoikarugamycin,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Zhengchao |last2=Li |first2=Sumei |last3=Li |first3=Jie |last4=Chen |first4=Yuchan |last5=Saurav |first5=Kumar |last6=Zhang |first6=Qingbo |last7=Zhang |first7=Haibo |last8=Zhang |first8=Wenjun |last9=Zhang |first9=Weimin |last10=Zhang |first10=Si |last11=Zhang |first11=Changsheng |date=2013-06-14 |title=Antibacterial and Cytotoxic New Napyradiomycins from the Marine-Derived Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 10428 |journal=Marine Drugs |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=2113–2125 |doi=10.3390/md11062113 |doi-access=free |issn=1660-3397}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Igarashi |first1=Yasuhiro |last2=Iida |first2=Takako |last3=Oku |first3=Naoya |last4=Watanabe |first4=Hiroyuki |last5=Furihata |first5=Kazuo |last6=Miyanouchi |first6=Koji |date=2012-04-25 |title=Nomimicin, a new spirotetronate-class polyketide from an actinomycete of the genus Actinomadura |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ja.2012.30 |journal=The Journal of Antibiotics |volume=65 |issue=7 |pages=355–359 |doi=10.1038/ja.2012.30 |pmid=22534651 |issn=0021-8820}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qin |first1=Zhiwei |last2=Munnoch |first2=John T. |last3=Devine |first3=Rebecca |last4=Holmes |first4=Neil A. |last5=Seipke |first5=Ryan F. |last6=Wilkinson |first6=Karl A. |last7=Wilkinson |first7=Barrie |last8=Hutchings |first8=Matthew I. |date=2017 |title=Formicamycins, antibacterial polyketides produced by Streptomyces formicae isolated from African Tetraponera plant-ants |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc04265a |journal=Chemical Science |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=3218–3227 |doi=10.1039/c6sc04265a |pmid=28507698 |issn=2041-6520|pmc=5414599}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lacret |first1=Rodney |last2=Oves-Costales |first2=Daniel |last3=Gómez |first3=Cristina |last4=Díaz |first4=Caridad |last5=De la Cruz |first5=Mercedes |last6=Pérez-Victoria |first6=Ignacio |last7=Vicente |first7=Francisca |last8=Genilloud |first8=Olga |last9=Reyes |first9=Fernando |date=2014-12-29 |title=New Ikarugamycin Derivatives with Antifungal and Antibacterial Properties from Streptomyces zhaozhouensis |journal=Marine Drugs |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=128–140 |doi=10.3390/md13010128 |doi-access=free |pmid=25551780 |pmc=4306928 |issn=1660-3397}}</ref> Some metals, particularly [[copper]], [[silver]], and [[gold]] also have antimicrobial properties. Using [[antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces]] is a technique that has begun to be used in the 21st century to prevent the transmission of bacteria.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/the-bacteria-fighting-super-element-making-a-return-to-hospitals-copper/2015/09/20/19251704-5beb-11e5-8e9e-dce8a2a2a679_story.html|title=The bacteria-fighting super element making a return to hospitals: Copper|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=September 18, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> [[Silver nanoparticle]]s have also begun to be incorporated into building surfaces and fabrics, although concerns have been raised about the potential side-effects of the tiny particles on human health.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-02-16/health/ct-nanosilver-met-20140216_1_consumer-products-other-antibiotic-drugs-germs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222205229/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-02-16/health/ct-nanosilver-met-20140216_1_consumer-products-other-antibiotic-drugs-germs |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |title=Silver nanoparticles kill germs, raise health concerns |access-date=September 18, 2016}}</ref> Due to the antimicrobial properties certain metals possess, products such as medical devices are made using those metals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Andris |last2=Kavanagh |first2=Kevin A. |date=May 7, 2021 |title=Evaluation of metal-based antimicrobial compounds for the treatment of bacterial pathogens |journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=001363 |doi=10.1099/jmm.0.001363 |issn=0022-2615 |pmc=8289199 |pmid=33961541}}</ref>