Editing Mirror test (section)

==== Mammals ====

===== Cetaceans =====
* [[Bottlenose dolphin]] (''Tursiops truncatus''): Researchers in a study on two male bottlenose dolphins observed their reactions to mirrors after having a mark placed on them. Reactions such as decreased delay in approaching the mirror, repetitious head circling and close viewing of the eye or genital region that had been marked, were reported as evidence of MSR in these species.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511565526.026 |chapter=Evidence of self-awareness in the bottlenose dolphin (''Tursiops truncatus'') |title=Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans |year=1994 |last1=Marten |first1=Kenneth |last2=Psarakos |first2=Suchi |pages=361–379 |isbn=978-0-521-02591-1 }}</ref><ref name="Reiss">{{cite journal |last1=Reiss |first1=Diana |last2=Marino |first2=Lori |title=Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: A case of cognitive convergence |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=8 May 2001 |volume=98 |issue=10 |pages=5937–5942 |doi=10.1073/pnas.101086398 |pmid=11331768 |pmc=33317 |bibcode=2001PNAS...98.5937R |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Killer whale]] (''Orcinus orca''): Killer whales and [[false killer whale]]s (''Pseudorca crassidens'') may be able to recognise themselves in mirrors.<ref name="Delfour">{{cite journal |last1=Delfour |first1=F |last2=Marten |first2=K |title=Mirror image processing in three marine mammal species: killer whales (''Orcinus orca''), false killer whales (''Pseudorca crassidens'') and California sea lions (''Zalophus californianus'') |journal=Behavioural Processes |date=April 2001 |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=181–190 |doi=10.1016/s0376-6357(01)00134-6 |pmid=11334706 |s2cid=31124804 }}</ref>

===== Primates =====
* [[Bonobo]] (''[[Pan paniscus]]'')<ref name="Walraven">{{cite journal|last1=Walraven|first1=V.|last2=van Elsacker|first2=L.|last3=Verheyen|first3=R.|s2cid=38985498|year=1995|title=Reactions of a group of pygmy chimpanzees (''Pan paniscus'') to their mirror images: evidence of self-recognition|journal=Primates|volume=36|issue=1|pages=145–150|doi=10.1007/bf02381922}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Greg C. Westergaard|author2=C. W. Hyatt|s2cid=85077838|title=The responses of bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') to their mirror images: Evidence of self-recognition|journal=Human Evolution|date=1994|volume=9|issue=4|pages=273–279|doi=10.1007/BF02435514}}</ref>
*[[Bornean orangutan]] (''[[Pongo pygmaeus]]''):<ref name="Suarez">{{cite journal |last1=Suarez |first1=Susan D. |last2=Gallup |first2=Gordon G. |title=Self-recognition in chimpanzees and orangutans, but not gorillas |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=February 1981 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=175–188 |doi=10.1016/s0047-2484(81)80016-4 |bibcode=1981JHumE..10..175S }}</ref> However, mirror tests with an infant (2-year-old), male orangutan failed to reveal self-recognition.<ref name="Robert">{{cite journal |last1=Robert |first1=S. |title=Ontogeny of mirror behavior in two species of great apes |journal=American Journal of Primatology |date=1986 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=109–117 |doi=10.1002/ajp.1350100202 |pmid=31979488 |s2cid=85330986 }}</ref>
* [[Chimpanzee]] (''[[Pan troglodytes]]''):<ref name="Gallup" /><ref name="miller">{{cite news |title=Minding the animals: Ethology and the obsolescence of left humanism |last=Miller |first=J. |year=2009 |magazine=American Chronicle |url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/102661 |access-date=21 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first= D. |last=Povinelli |author2=de Veer, M.|author3= Gallup Jr., G.|author4= Theall, L.|author5= van den Bos, R. |s2cid=9400080 |title=An 8-year longitudinal study of mirror self-recognition in chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes'') |journal= Neuropsychologia |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=229–334 |doi=10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00153-7|year=2003 |pmid=12459221 }}</ref> However, mirror tests with an infant (11 months old) male chimpanzee failed to reveal self-recognition.<ref name="Robert" /> Two young chimpanzees showed retention of MSR after one year without access to mirrors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Calhoun |first1=Suzanne |last2=Thompson |first2=Robert L. |title=Long-term retention of self-recognition by chimpanzees |journal=American Journal of Primatology |date=1988 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=361–365 |doi=10.1002/ajp.1350150409 |pmid=31968884 |s2cid=84381806 }}</ref>
* [[Western gorilla]] (''[[Gorilla gorilla]]''): Findings for western gorillas have been mixed; more so than for the other great apes. At least four studies have reported that [[gorilla]]s failed to show self-recognition.<ref name="Suarez" /><ref name="Shillito">{{cite journal|last1=Shillito|first1=D.J.|last2=Gallup|first2=G.G.|last3=Beck|first3=B.B.|year=1999|title=Factors affecting mirror behavior in western lowland gorillas, ''Gorilla gorilla''|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=57|issue=5|pages=999–1004|doi=10.1006/anbe.1998.1062|pmid=10328785|s2cid=23093090 }}</ref><ref name="Ledbetter">{{cite journal |last1=Ledbetter |first1=David H. |last2=Basen |first2=Jeffry A. |title=Failure to demonstrate self-recognition in gorillas |journal=American Journal of Primatology |date=1982 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=307–310 |doi=10.1002/ajp.1350020309 |pmid=32192240 |s2cid=84369215 }}</ref><ref name="Nicholson">{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=India S. |last2=Gould |first2=Jay E. |title=Mirror mediated object discrimination and self-directed behavior in a female gorilla |journal=Primates |date=October 1995 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=515–521 |doi=10.1007/bf02382873 |s2cid=21450768 }}</ref> However, other studies have shown self-recognition in captive gorillas with extensive [[human]] contact. Such gorillas show less aversion to direct eye contact than wild gorillas. In wild gorillas, as in many other animals, prolonged direct eye contact is an aggressive gesture, and gorillas may fail the mirror test because they deliberately avoid closely examining or making eye contact with their reflections.<ref name="The Great Ape Project" /><ref name="Kind" /> Gorillas who have passed the MSR were habituated to the mirror before testing and were not subject to anesthesia during the marking process.<ref name="Allen">{{cite thesis | last=Allen | first=Melinda R. | date=2007 | title=Mirror self-recognition in a gorilla (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') | publisher=Florida International University | doi=10.25148/etd.fi13101588 | doi-access=free | degree=MS }}</ref><ref name="Posada">{{cite journal |last1=Posada |first1=Sandra |last2=Colell |first2=Montserrat |title=Another gorilla (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') recognizes himself in a mirror |journal=American Journal of Primatology |date=May 2007 |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=576–583 |doi=10.1002/ajp.20355 |pmid=17154375 |s2cid=44854009 }}</ref> [[Koko (gorilla)|Koko]] was among the gorillas who passed the MSR test under these circumstances.<ref name="The Great Ape Project">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/patterson01.htm|title=The Great Ape Project|author1=Patterson, F.|author2=Gordon, W.|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|year=1993|editor=Cavalieri, P.|pages=58–77|chapter=The case for personhood of gorillas|editor2=Singer, P.|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Kind">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiuwCgAAQBAJ|title=Persons and Personal Identity |last=Kind|first=Amy |date=2015-10-02|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781509500246|language=en}}</ref>

===== Proboscidea =====
*[[Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus''): In a study performed in 2006, three female Asian elephants were exposed to a large mirror to investigate their responses. Visible marks and invisible sham-marks were applied to the elephants' heads to test whether they would pass the MSR test.<ref name="Plotnik2006" /> One of the elephants showed mark-directed behavior, though the other two did not. An earlier study failed to find MSR in two Asian elephants;<ref name="Povinelli1989">{{cite journal |last1=Povinelli |first1=Daniel J. |title=Failure to find self-recognition in Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus'') in contrast to their use of mirror cues to discover hidden food. |journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology |date=1989 |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=122–131 |doi=10.1037/0735-7036.103.2.122 }}</ref> it was claimed this was because the mirror was too small.<ref name="Plotnik2006">{{cite journal|last1=Plotnik|first1=J.M.|last2=de Waal|first2=F.B.M.|last3=Reiss|first3=D.|year=2006|title=Self-recognition in an Asian elephant|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=103|issue=45|pages=17053–17057|doi=10.1073/pnas.0608062103|pmid=17075063|bibcode=2006PNAS..10317053P|pmc=1636577|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Elephantselfawareness">{{cite news | title = Elephants' Jumbo Mirror Ability | publisher = [[BBC News]] | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6100430.stm | access-date = 2007-10-31 | date=2006-10-31}}</ref>

===== Rodents =====

* [[House mouse]] (''Mus musculus)''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=Mouse passes mirror test, joining elite club of 'self-aware' animals |url=https://newatlas.com/biology/mouse-passes-mirror-test/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref>