Editing Multan (section)

===11th-16th century CE===
[[File:Tomb_of_Shah_Yousuf_Gardezi_Multan.jpg|thumb|Multan is famous for its large number of Sufi shrines, including the unique rectangular tomb of [[Shah Gardez]] that dates from the 1150s and is covered in blue enameled tiles typical of Multan.]]
[[File:Shrine_of_Hazrat_Shah_Shams_ud_din_Sabzwari.jpg|thumb|upright|The shrine of [[Shamsuddin Sabzwari]] dates from 1330, and has a unique green dome.]]
[[File:Tomb of Shah Ali Akbar 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Mausoleum of Shah Ali Akbar]] dating from the 1580s was built in the regional style that is typical of Multan's shrines.]]

====Ghaznavid dynasty====
{{See|Ghaznavids}}
[[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in 1005 led an expedition against Multan's Qarmatian ruler [[Fateh Daud|Abul Fateh Daud]]. The city was surrendered, and Fateh Daud was permitted to retain control over the city with the condition that he adhere to [[Sunnism]].<ref name="Mehta">{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Jaswant Lal|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, Volume 1|date=1980|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788120706170}}</ref> In 1007, Mahmud led another expedition to Multan against his former minister and Hindu convert, Niwasa Khan, who had renounced Islam and attempted to establish control of the region in collusion with Abul Fateh Daud of Multan.<ref name="Mehta"/>

In 1010, Mahmud led his third and punitive expedition against Daud to depose and imprison him,<ref name="MacLean">{{cite book |last1=MacLean |first1=Derryl N. |title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind |date=1989 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004085510}}</ref><ref name="Mehta" /> and suppressed Ismailism in favour of the Sunni creed.<ref name="Virani, Shafique N p. 100">Virani, Shafique N. The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation (New York: Oxford University Press), p. 100.</ref> He destroyed the Ismaili congregational mosque that had been built above the ruins of the Multan Sun Temple, and restored the city's old Sunni congregational mosque, built by [[Muhammad bin qasim|Muhammad bin Qasim]].<ref name="Flood" />

The 11th century scholar Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi  reported that the Ismaili community was still living in the city.<ref name="MacLean"/> Following the Ghaznavid invasion of Multan, the local Ismaili community split, with one faction aligning themselves with the Druze religion,<ref name="MacLean"/> which today survives in Lebanon, [[Syria]], and the Golan Heights. Following Mahmud's death in 1030, Multan regained its independence from the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid empire]] and came under the sway of Ismaili rule once again.<ref name="Mehta"/> [[Shah Gardez]], who came to Multan in 1088, is said to have contributed in the restoration of the city.

By the early 1100s, Multan was described by the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi as being a "large city" commanded by a citadel that was surrounded by a moat.<ref name="Calcutta Review, Volumes 92-93">{{cite book|title=Calcutta Review, Volumes 92–93|date=1891|publisher=University of Calcutta}}</ref> In the early 12th century, Multani poet Abdul Rahman penned the ''Sandesh Rasak'',<ref name="Flood" /> the only known Muslim work in the medieval ''Apabhraṃśa'' language.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AbpjAAAAMAAJ&q=Sandesh+Rasak Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature,  Volume 47 of IAD oriental original series: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, Saiyada Asad Alī, Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i Delli, 2000, p. 12-13, 195]</ref>

====Ghurid dynasty====
{{See|Ghurid dynasty}}
In 1175, [[Muhammad Ghori]] conquered Ismaili-ruled Multan,<ref name="Wink">Andre Wink, ''Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World'', Vol. 2, 244.</ref><ref name="Ahmed"/> after having invaded the region via the Gomal Pass from Afghanistan into Punjab, and used the city as a springboard for his unsuccessful campaign into Gujarat in 1178.<ref name="Mehta"/> Multan was then annexed to the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid Sultanate]], and became an administrative province of the [[Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk Dynasty]]<ref name="UNESCO"/> — the first dynasty based in Delhi. Multan's Ismaili community rose up in an unsuccessful rebellion against the Ghaurids later in 1175.<ref name="MacLean"/>

====Mamluk dynasty====
Following the death of the first Mumluk Sultan, Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1210, Multan came under the rule of [[Nasiruddin Qabacha]], who in 1222, successfully repulsed an attempted invasion by Sultan Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu of the Khwarazmian Empire,<ref name="UNESCO"/> whose origins were rooted in Konye-Urgench in modern-day Turkmenistan.<ref name="UNESCO"/> Uch and Sindh were also in control of Qabacha.<ref name="Amjad 1989"/>

Qabacha also captured [[Lahore]] many times and ruled all these regions. He repulsed a 40-day siege imposed on Multan city by Mongol forces who attempted to conquer the city.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jain|first1=Harish|title=The Making of Punjab|publisher=Unistar Books, 2003}}</ref> He gathered a large army from Uch, Multan and Bukkhar (Sukkur) and Mongols were repulsed.<ref name="Amjad 1989"/>

Following Qabacha's death that same year, the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] king [[Iltutmish]], the third Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty, captured and then annexed Multan in an expedition.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite book|last1=Rafiq|first1=A.Q.|last2=Baloch|first2=N.A.|title=The Regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir: the Historical, Social and Economic Setting|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-103467-1|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20regions%20of%20sind,%20baluchistan,%20multan%20and%20kashmir.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Mehta" /> The Punjabi poet [[Baba Farid]] was born in the village of Khatwal near Multan in the 1200s.<ref name="Ahmed" />

Qarlughids attempted to invade Multan in 1236,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTS2AAAAIAAJ&q=uch+timur&pg=PA227|title=Imperial gazetteer of India: provincial series|date=1908|publisher=Supt. of Govt. Print.|language=en}}</ref> while the Mongols tried to capture the city in 1241 after capturing Lahore – though they were repulsed.<ref name="Mehta"/> The [[Mongols]] under Sali Noyan then successfully held the city to ransom in 1245–6,<ref name=":0" /> before being recaptured by Sultan [[Ghiyas ud din Balban]], the ninth Mamluk Sultan. Multan then fell to the Qarlughids in 1249, but was captured by Sher Khan that same year.<ref name=":0" /> Multan was then conquered by Izz al-Din Balban Kashlu Khan in 1254, before he rebelled against Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban in 1257 and fled to [[Mesopotamia|Iraq]] where he joined Mongol forces and captured Multan again, and dismantled its city walls.<ref name=":0" /> The Mongols again attempted an invasion in 1279, but were dealt a decisive defeat.<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Farooqui Salma|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131732021}}</ref>

====Khalji's invasion====
{{main|Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan}}
Delhi Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] dispatched his brother [[Ulugh Khan]] in 1296 to conquer Multan region which was governed by surviving family members of his predecessor. (Sultan [[Jalal-ud-din Khalji]])

After usurping the throne of Delhi, Alauddin decided to eliminate the surviving family members of Jalaluddin, who were present in Multan. In November 1296, he sent a 30,000–40,000 strong army led by Ulugh Khan and [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]] to Multan who successfully captured the city after two months of siege.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=C. Collin |date=January 1934 |title=History of Shahjahan of Dihli. by Banarsi Prasad Saksena. 8½ × 5½, pp. xxx + 373. Allahabad: The Indian Press, Ltd., 1932. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00083040 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=197–198 |doi=10.1017/s0035869x00083040 |s2cid=162759552 |issn=0035-869X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Amir Khusrau]], the famous Indo-Persian Sufi singer, musician, poet and scholar visited Multan on the invitation of Khan Muhammad. Multan at the time was the gateway to India and was a center of knowledge and learning. Caravans of scholars, tradesmen and emissaries transited through Multan from [[Baghdad]], [[Arabia]] and [[Persia]] on their way to Delhi. Khusrau wrote that:

I tied the belt of service on my waist and put on the cap of companionship for another five years. I imparted lustre to the water of Multan from the ocean of my wits and pleasantries.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Sunil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofdjAAAAMAAJ |title=Amir Khusraw: The Poet of Sultans and Sufis |last2=سنىل |first2=شارما، |date=May 2005 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-85168-362-8 |language=en}}</ref>

====Tughluq dynasty====
[[File:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam Multan.jpg|thumb|Multan's [[Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam]] is considered to be the earliest Tughluq era monument.<ref name=yale/>]]
In the 1320s Multan was conquered by [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]], he was made the governor of Multan and South Punjab, Sindh regions and of Depalpur.<ref name="Amjad 1989"/> He was the founder of the Turkic [[Tughluq dynasty]], the third dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. Earlier he spent his time in Multan and fought 28 battles against Mongols from there and saved the regions from advances of Mongols. He wrote in the jamia Masjid of Multan that he had fought 28 battles against Mongols and had survived, people gave him the title Ghazi ul Mulk.<ref name="Amjad 1989"/>

Ghiyath al din's son Muhammad bin Tughlaq was born in Multan. After Ghiyath's death he became the Sultan and ascended the throne in Delhi.<ref name="Amjad 1989"/> The countryside around Multan was recorded to have been devastated by excessively high taxes imposed during the reign of Ghiyath's son, [[Muhammad Tughluq]].<ref name="Habib">{{cite book|last1=Habib|first1=Irfan|title=Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131727911}}</ref> In 1328, the Governor of Multan, Kishlu Khan, rose in rebellion against Muhammad Tughluq, but was quickly defeated.<ref name="Suvorova">{{cite book|last1=Suvorova|first1=Anna|title=Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134370054}}</ref>

The [[Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam]] was completed during the Tughluq era, and is considered to be the first Tughluq monument.<ref name="yale">{{cite book|last1=Bloom|first1=Jonathan|title=The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800|date=1995|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300064650|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mhIgewDtNkC&q=rukn+alam|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> The shrine is believed to have been originally built to be the tomb of Ghiyath ad-Din,<ref name="khan">{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Hassan Ali|title=Constructing Islam on the Indus: The Material History of the Suhrawardi Sufi Order, 1200–1500 AD|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781316827222}}</ref> but was later donated to the descendants of [[Rukn-e-Alam]] after Ghiyath became Emperor of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bunce|first1=Fredrick W.|title=Islamic Tombs in India: The Iconography and Genesis of Their Design|date=2004|publisher=D.K. Printworld|isbn=9788124602454}}</ref>

The renowned Arab explorer [[Ibn Battuta]] visited Multan in the 1300s during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, and noted that Multan was a trading centre for horses imported from as far away as the [[Eurasian Steppe|Russian Steppe]].<ref name="Habib"/> Multan had also been noted to be a centre for slave-trade, though slavery was banned in the late 1300s by Muhammad Tughluq's son, [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]].<ref name="Habib"/>

====Timurid dynasty====
{{See|Timurid Empire}}
In 1397, Multan was [[Siege of Multan (1398)|besieged]] by [[Timur|Tamerlane]]'s grandson [[Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir|Pir Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yousaf|first1=Mohammad|title=A Brief History of Multan|date=1971|publisher=Ferozsons}}</ref> Pir Muhammad's forces captured the city in 1398 following the conclusion of [[Siege of Multan (1398)|the 6-month-long siege]].<ref name="Ahmed"/> Khizr Khan the governor of Multan allied with Amir Timur. Timur captured Lahore and gave its control to Khizr khan as reward for his support.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite book |last=Amjad |first=Yahya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P60yAAAAIAAJ&q=tarikhh+e+pakistan+yahya+amjad |title=Tarikh-i Pakistan : qadim daur—zamanah-yi ma qabl az tarikh : Pakistan ki sarzamin par aj se paune do karor sal pahle |date=1989 |language=ur}}</ref> Also in 1398, the elder Tamerlane and Multan's Governor [[Khizr Khan]] together sacked Delhi.<ref name="Ahmed"/> The sack of Delhi lead to major disruptions of the Sultanate's central governing structure.<ref name="Ahmed"/> Khizr Khan ruled the subcontinent on the name of Timur.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> In 1414, Multan's Khizr Khan captured Delhi from [[Daulat Khan Lodi]], and established the short-lived [[Sayyid dynasty]] — the fourth dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name="Ahmed"/>

A contemporary writer [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi|Yahya Sirhindi]] mentions in his ''Takhrikh-i-Mubarak Shahi'' that Khizr Khan was a descendant of [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Porter |first=Yves |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/303042895 |title=The Glory of the Sultans : Islamic Architecture in India |date=2009 |publisher=Flammarion |others=Gérard Degeorge |isbn=978-2-08-030110-9 |edition=English language |location=Paris |oclc=303042895}}</ref>

====Langah Sultanate====
{{Main|Langah Sultanate}}
Multan then passed to the [[Langah (clan)|Langah]], who established the Langah Sultanate in Multan under the rule of Budhan Khan, who assumed the title Mahmud Shah.<ref name="UNESCO"/> The reign of Shah Husayn, grandson of Mahmud Shah, who ruled from 1469 to 1498 is considered to be most illustrious of the Langah Sultans.<ref name="UNESCO"/> Multan experienced prosperity during this time, and a large number of Baloch settlers arrived in the city at the invitation of Shah Husayn.<ref name="UNESCO"/> The Sultanate's borders stretched encompassed the neighbouring regions surrounding the cities of Chiniot and Shorkot, including present day [[Faisalabad]].<ref name="UNESCO"/> Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Delhi Sultans led by [[Tatar Khan]] and Barbak Shah.<ref name="UNESCO"/>

Multan's Langah Sultanate came to an end in 1525 when the city was invaded by rulers of the Arghun dynasty,<ref name="UNESCO"/> who were either ethnic Mongols,<ref>Davies, C. Collin. "Arghun." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume I. New ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960. {{ISBN|90-04-08114-3}}</ref> or of Turkic or Turco-Mongol extraction.<ref>Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-231-10714-5}}</ref>

====Suri dynasty====
{{See|Sur Empire}}
In 1541, the [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] king [[Sher Shah Suri]] captured Multan, and successfully defended the city from the advances of the Mughal Emperor [[Humayun]].<ref name="Chandra">{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Chandra|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=9788124110669}}</ref> In 1543, Sher Shah Suri expelled [[Baloch people|Baloch]] [[Mirani dynasty|dynasty]], who under the command of Fateh Khan Mirrani had overrun the city.<ref name="Chandra"/> Following its recapture, Sher Shah Suri ordered construction of a road between Lahore and Multan to connect Multan to his massive [[Grand Trunk Road]] project.<ref name="Chandra"/> Sher Shah Suri also built (or renovated) '''Delhi-Multan road''', the ancient trade route had existed since the time of King Ashoka or earlier. To improve transit in the areas between Delhi and Multan, leading to [[Kandahar]] and [[Herat]] in Afghanistan, eventually to [[Mashhad]] capital of [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] province of Iran.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II |date=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 |language=en}}</ref> It then served as the starting point for trade caravans from medieval India departing towards West Asia.<ref name="Chandra"/>

====Medieval trade====
[[File:Multanı karvansarayı.jpg|thumb|The 15th century [[Multani Caravanserai]] in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]], was built to house visiting Multani merchants in the city.<ref name="Amity"/>]]
Multan served as medieval Islamic India's trans-regional mercantile centre for trade with the Islamic world.<ref name="Levi"/> It rose as an important trading and mercantile centre in the setting of political stability offered by the Delhi Sultanate, the Lodis, and Mughals.<ref name="Levi"/> The renowned Arab explorer [[Ibn Battuta]] visited Multan in the 1300s during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, and noted that Multan was a trading centre for horses imported from as far away as the [[Eurasian Steppe|Russian Steppe]].<ref name="Habib"/> Multan had also been noted to be a centre for slave-trade, though slavery was banned in the late 1300s by Muhammad Tughluq's son, [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]].<ref name="Habib"/>

The extent of Multan's influence is also reflected in the construction of the [[Multani Caravanserai]] in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] — which was built in the 15th to house Multani merchants visiting the city.<ref name="Amity">{{cite book|title=Amity, Volumes 1–3|date=1963|publisher=Indo-Soviet Cultural Society|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40EtAQAAMAAJ&q=multani+caravanserai|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> Legal records from the Uzbek city of [[Bukhara]] note that Multani merchants settled and owned land in the city in the late 1550s.<ref name="Levi"/>

Multan would remain an important trading centre until the city was ravaged by repeated invasions in the 18th and 19th centuries in the post-Mughal era.<ref name="Levi">{{cite news|last1=Levi|first1=Scott|title=Caravans: Punjabi Khatri Merchants on the Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-uviBQAAQBAJ&q=multan&pg=PT7|access-date=12 April 2017|agency=Penguin UK|date=2016|publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9789351189169}}</ref> Many of Multan's merchants then migrated to [[Shikarpur, Sindh|Shikarpur]] in [[Sindh]],<ref name="Levi"/> and were found throughout Central Asia up until the 19th century.<ref name="Levi"/>