Editing Murray cod (section)

===History===
Murray cod were originally the most common large native fish in the Murray-Darling basin. Contrary to some fishery department literature, the first serious declines in Murray cod were caused by overfishing. In the latter half of the 1800s and the early 1900s, Murray cod were caught in large numbers by both commercial and recreational fishermen. For example, one commercial fishing operation commenced on the Murray River near [[Echuca]] in 1855, targeting Murray cod over hundreds of kilometres of river, and yet within eight years, grave concerns over the sustainability of this operation, and complaints about the near-absence of Murray cod in their heavily fished grounds, were being raised in the main state newspaper, ''The Argus''.<ref name=Humphries_Winemiller_2009>{{cite journal |last=Humphries |first=P.
 |author2=Winemiller, K. O. |title=Historical Impacts on River Fauna, Shifting Baselines, and Challenges for Restoration |journal=BioScience
 |volume=59 |pages=673–684 |year=2009 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/59/8/673/256074|issue=8| doi= 10.1525/bio.2009.59.8.9|s2cid=3731197 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Yet fishing effort continued to increase in the region, so in the late 1880s and early 1890s, between 40,000 and 150,000&nbsp;kg of mostly Murray cod (between 7,500 and 27,000 fish, at an average weight of 5.5&nbsp;kg) were caught near Echuca.<ref name=Humphries_Winemiller_2009/> Similarly, in 1883, more than 147,000&nbsp;kg of Murray cod were sent to Melbourne from just one river town (Moama).<ref name=Rowland1989/> By the 1920s Murray cod had been overfished to the point where large-scale commercial fishing operations were no longer feasible.<ref name=Rowland1989/><ref name=Rowland2005/> Recreational fishermen took similarly excessive hauls during this era, using rods and reels, handlines, setlines, drum nets, gill nets, and even explosives, with hauls often either wasted or illegally sold. Perhaps this extreme overfishing and its impacts of wild Murray cod stocks is best summarised by a short article in the ''Register News'' (a South Australian newspaper) in 1929:

<blockquote>''In [the last] 29 years 26,214,502 lbs (nearly 11,703 tons) [11,915,683 kg] of Murray cod has been eaten by the people of Melbourne. The Superintendent of Markets (Mr G. B. Minns) included these figures in a statement he made today pointing out that the supply was declining. In 1918, the peak year, {{convert|2,229,024|lb|kg|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} was received at the market, but since 1921, when {{convert|1,101,520|lb|kg|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} was sent to Melbourne, supply has decreased. Last year [1928] it was only {{convert|551,040|lb|kg|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}}.''<ref name=Register_News>{{cite news|last=Anon|title=Less Murray Cod Sent to Melbourne — Supply Decreased To Half-Million Pounds In Year|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/53459650?searchTerm=less%20murray%20cod%20sent%20to%20Melbourne&searchLimits=|access-date=11 July 2011|newspaper=The Register News-Pictorial (Adelaide, South Australia)|date=25 May 1929}}</ref></blockquote>

Twenty years later, the aquatic ecologist J. O. Langtry criticised the heavy fishing pressure, in the form of both uncontrolled small-scale commercial fishing and rampant [[illegal fishing]], which he found in all reaches of the Murray River he investigated 1949–1950.<ref name=Cadwallader1977/>

A thorough reading of historical newspaper articles and historical government reports reveals that the history of wild Murray cod between the mid–1800s and the mid–1900s was one of citizen agitation, government inaction, and ongoing stock decline. For decades, riverside residents, commercial fishermen, recreational fishermen, local fisheries inspectors, fish retailers, and others agitated in newspapers and other fora about the declining Murray cod stocks, to be met in turn either with government denials, or conversely, with various ineffective inquiries into Murray cod stocks and fisheries, and various ineffective control measures. Debate about excessive fishing pressure, number of fishermen, number of nets, net mesh size, bag limits, minimum size limits and take of small cod, closed seasons and the taking of spawning cod full of eggs during spring, and other sundry issues, continued without resolution. Fishing regulations were either not amended, or amended and largely unenforced and completely ignored. Heavy commercial, recreational and [[illegal fishing]] pressure continued. The end result was a Murray cod population, initially abundant, continually fished down until in the early to mid 20th century a number of other factors such as river regulation (listed below) emerged to drive the species even further into decline. All of these drivers of decline left this iconic Australian fish in a perilous situation. There are now concerns for the long-term survival of wild Murray cod populations.<ref name=kearney&kildea2001/><ref name=Koehn2004/><ref name="codwatch25">Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment, 2004, ''Codwatch Newsletter Number 25'', [http://www.greenhouse.vic.gov.au/CA256F310024B628/0/C95F6E2F115D3706CA2571480003EB28/$File/Codwatch+25+November+2004.pdf]{{dead link|date=December 2011}}, Retrieved 28 September 2007</ref>