Editing Music sequencer (section)

=== Early sequencers ===
{{See also|Category:Mechanical musical instruments|Music box#Evolving box production}}
{{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal
 | image1   = Barrel-organ 1.png| width1 = 155
 | caption1 = ''Barrel with pins'' on a large stationary [[barrel organ]] <!-- worked by hydraulic power, from Solomon de Caus, Les Raisons des forces mouvantes (Frankfort-on-Main, (1615) -->
 | image2   = DrehorgelLochkarte.jpg| width2 = 109
 | caption2 = ''[[Music roll]]'' on barrel organ
 | <!-- image3   = Welteorchestrion1862.jpg| width3 = 123 -->
 | <!-- caption3 = [[Orchestrion]] (1862) controlled by music roll -->
 | <!-- image4   = AeolianHammond Player Organ model BA, NYSFair 2011.jpg| width4 = 100 -->
 | <!-- caption4 = [[Hammond organ|Electric organ]] (1938) controlled by music roll]] -->
}}<!-- NOTE: Too wide image layout is not practical. -->

The early music sequencers were sound-producing devices such as [[:Category:Mechanical musical instruments|automatic musical instruments]], [[music box]]es, [[mechanical organ]]s, [[player piano]]s, and [[Orchestrion]]s. Player pianos, for example, had much in common with contemporary sequencers. Composers or arrangers transmitted music to [[piano roll]]s which were subsequently edited by technicians who prepared the rolls for mass duplication. Eventually consumers were able to purchase these rolls and play them back on their own player pianos.

The origin of automatic musical instruments seems remarkably old.  As early as the 9th century, the [[Persian people|Persian]] (Iranian) [[Banū Mūsā]] brothers invented a [[hydropower]]ed [[organ (music)|organ]] using exchangeable cylinders with pins,<ref>
{{cite journal
 | first     = Charles B. |last = Fowler
 | date      = October 1967
 | title     = The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments
 | journal   = Music Educators Journal
 | volume    = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 45–49
 | doi       = 10.2307/3391092  |jstor = 3391092
 |s2cid = 190524140
 }}
</ref> and also an [[automation|automatic]] [[flute]]-playing machine using [[steam power]],<ref name=Koetsier>
{{cite journal
 | last1     = Koetsier |first1=Teun
 | year      = 2001
 | title     = On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators
 | journal   = Mechanism and Machine Theory
 | volume    = 36 | issue = 5 | pages = 589–603
 | doi       = 10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
 | author     = [[Banu Musa]]
 | translator = [[Donald Routledge Hill]]
 | year       = 1979
 | title      = The book of ingenious devices (Kitāb al-ḥiyal)
 | publisher  = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]
 | isbn       = 9027708339
 | pages      = 76–7
}}
</ref> as described in their ''[[Book of Ingenious Devices#Mechanical musical machines|Book of Ingenious Devices]]''. The Banu Musa brothers' automatic flute player was the first [[Program (machine)|programmable]] music sequencer device,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Long |first1=Jason |last2=Murphy |first2=Jim |last3=Carnegie |first3=Dale |last4=Kapur |first4=Ajay |title=Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music |journal=[[Organised Sound]] |date=12 July 2017 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=195–205 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/S1355771817000103|doi-access=free }}</ref> and the first example of repetitive [[music technology]], powered by [[hydraulics]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levaux |first1=Christophe |title=The Forgotten History of Repetitive Audio Technologies |journal=[[Organised Sound]] |date=12 July 2017 |volume=22 |issue=2 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=187–194 |doi=10.1017/S1355771817000097|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 1206, [[Al-Jazari]], an [[List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world|Arab engineer]], invented programmable musical [[automata]],<ref name="Fowler 45–49">{{Cite journal|title=The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments|first=Charles B.|last=Fowler|journal=Music Educators Journal|volume=54|issue=2|date=October 1967|pages=45–49|doi=10.2307/3391092|jstor=3391092|s2cid=190524140}}</ref> a "[[robot]] [[Musical ensemble|band]]" which performed "more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection."<ref>{{citation|title=The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments |first=Charles B.|last=Fowler|journal=Music Educators Journal|volume=54|issue=2|date=October 1967|pages=45–49|doi=10.2307/3391092|publisher=MENC_ The National Association for Music Education|jstor=3391092|s2cid=190524140}}</ref> It was notably the first programmable [[drum machine]]. Among the four [[automaton]] musicians were two drummers. It was a drum machine where [[Wiktionary:peg|pegs]] ([[Cam (mechanism)|cam]]s) bump into little [[lever]]s that operated the percussion. The drummers could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns if the pegs were moved around.<ref name=Sharkey>[[Noel Sharkey]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629182810/http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive)], [[University of Sheffield]].</ref>

In the 14th century, rotating cylinders with pins were used to play a [[carillon]] (steam organ) in Flanders,{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} and at least in the 15th century, [[barrel organ]]s were seen in the Netherlands.<ref>
{{cite EB1911
 | wstitle   = Barrel-organ
 | volume    = 3
 | pages     = 432–434
 | first     = Kathleen
 | last      = Schlesinger
}}</ref>

{{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal
 | image1   = Steinway piano - Duo-Art.ogv| width1 = 128
 | caption1 = [[Player piano]] (1920) controlled by [[piano roll]]
 | image2   = RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer.jpg| width2 = 136
 | caption2 = [[RCA Mark II]] (1957), controlled via wide punched-paper roll
}}
In the late-18th or early-19th century, with technological advances of the [[Industrial Revolution]] various automatic musical instruments were invented. Some examples: [[music box]]es, [[barrel organ]]s and [[barrel piano]]s consisting of a barrel or cylinder with pins or a flat metal disc with punched holes; or [[mechanical organ]]s, [[player piano]]s and [[orchestrion]]s using [[book music]] / [[music roll]]s ([[piano roll]]s) with punched holes, etc.  These instruments were disseminated widely as popular entertainment devices prior to the inventions of [[phonograph]]s, [[radio]]s, and [[sound film]]s which eventually eclipsed all such home music production devices. Of them all, punched-paper-tape media had been used until the mid-20th century. The earliest programmable [[music synthesizer]]s including the [[RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer]] in 1957<!-- for researching Mathematical Theory Of Music -->, and the Siemens Synthesizer in 1959, were also controlled via [[punch tape]]s similar to [[piano roll]]s.<ref name=rcamark2>
{{cite web
 |title       = The RCA Synthesiser
 |url         = https://120years.net/machines/rca/
 |work        = 120 Years of Electronic Music (120years.net)
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111026223002/http://120years.net/machines/rca/
 |archive-date = 2011-10-26
|date = 2014-02-11
 }}—([https://www.mathieubosi.com/zikprojects/120YearsOfElectronicMusic.pdf PDF version] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402113013/http://www.mathieubosi.com/zikprojects/120YearsOfElectronicMusic.pdf |date=2012-04-02 }} is available)
</ref><ref name=siemens>
{{cite web
 |title       = Das Siemens-Studio für elektronische Musik von Alexander Schaaf und Helmut Klein
 |url         = https://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-vi/siemens-studio/
 |language    = de
 |publisher   = [[Deutsches Museum]]
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130930175905/http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-vi/siemens-studio
 |archive-date = 2013-09-30
}}
</ref><ref name=holmes2012>
{{cite book
 |last             = Holmes
 |first            = Thom
 |chapter          = Early Synthesizers and Experimenters
 |chapter-url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=aT5nAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA175
 |title            = Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture
 |edition          = 4th
 |publisher        = Routledge
 |date = 2012
 |isbn             = 978-1-136-46895-7
 |pages            = [https://archive.org/details/electronicexperi00holm/page/190 190]–[https://archive.org/details/electronicexperi00holm/page/192 192]
}} See also excerpt from pp. 157-160 in [http://static1.squarespace.com/static/50e79ec7e4b07dba60068e4d/t/515704dce4b05239ba84e64c/1364657372465/Holmes4.pdf Chapter 6] of ''Early Synthesizers and Experimenters''.</ref>

<!-- [[Image:Films on Oramics move in this direction (clip).png|thumb|132px|[[Drawn sound]]&nbsp; films on [[Oramics]] (1957) <br />resembles strip chart]] -->
Additional inventions grew out of [[sound film]] audio technology. The [[drawn sound]] technique which appeared in the late 1920s, is notable as a precursor of today's intuitive [[graphical user interface]]s. In this technique, notes and various sound parameters are triggered by hand-drawn black ink waveforms directly upon the film substrate, hence they resemble piano rolls (or the 'strip charts' of the modern sequencers/DAWs). Drawn soundtrack was often used in early experimental electronic music, including the [[Variophone]] developed by Yevgeny Sholpo in 1930, and the [[Oramics]] designed by [[Daphne Oram]] in 1957, and so forth.