Editing Nanorobotics (section)

===Biohybrids===
{{see also|Biohybrid microswimmer}}

The emerging field of bio-hybrid systems combines biological and synthetic structural elements for biomedical or robotic applications. The constituent elements of bio-nanoelectromechanical systems (BioNEMS) are of nanoscale size, for example DNA, proteins or nanostructured mechanical parts. Thiol-ene e-beams resist allow the direct writing of nanoscale features, followed by the functionalization of the natively reactive resist surface with biomolecules.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shafagh|first1=Reza|last2=Vastesson|first2=Alexander|last3=Guo|first3=Weijin|last4=van der Wijngaart|first4=Wouter|last5=Haraldsson|first5=Tommy|year=2018|title=E-Beam Nanostructuring and Direct Click Biofunctionalization of Thiol–Ene Resist|journal=ACS Nano|volume=12|issue=10|pages=9940–9946|language=en|doi=10.1021/acsnano.8b03709|pmid=30212184|s2cid=52271550|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-236089}}</ref> Other approaches use a biodegradable material attached to magnetic particles that allow them to be guided around the body.<ref name="Yan Zhou Vincent Deng 2017 p.">{{cite journal | last1=Yan | first1=Xiaohui | last2=Zhou | first2=Qi | last3=Vincent | first3=Melissa | last4=Deng | first4=Yan | last5=Yu | first5=Jiangfan | last6=Xu | first6=Jianbin | last7=Xu | first7=Tiantian | last8=Tang | first8=Tao | last9=Bian | first9=Liming | last10=Wang | first10=Yi-Xiang J. | last11=Kostarelos | first11=Kostas | last12=Zhang | first12=Li | title=Multifunctional biohybrid magnetite microrobots for imaging-guided therapy | journal=Science Robotics | publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) | volume=2 | issue=12 | date=2017-11-22 | issn=2470-9476 | doi=10.1126/scirobotics.aaq1155| pmid=33157904 | s2cid=2931559 | doi-access=free }}</ref>