Editing Nation state (section)

=== Spain ===
{{See also|Spanish nationalism}}
[[File:Iberian Kingdoms in 1400.svg|thumb|Iberian Kingdoms in 1400]]
While historical monarchies often brought together different kingdoms/territories/ethnic groups under the same crown, in modern nation states political elites seek a uniformity of the population, leading to state nationalism.<ref>{{cite book |date=2014 |first=Michel |last=Pastoureau |chapter=Des armoiries aux drapeaux |language=fr |trans-chapter=From coats of arms to flags |edition=du Seuil |isbn=978-2-7578-4106-8 |title=Une histoire symbolique du Moyen Âge |publisher=Ed. du Seuil |trans-title=A symbolic history of the Middle Ages}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=1978 |last=Connor |doi=10.1080/01419870.1978.9993240 |issue=4 |first=Walker |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |pages=377–400 |title=A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group, is a... |volume=1}}</ref> In the case of the Christian territories of the future [[Spain]], neighboring [[Al-Andalus]], there was an early perception of ethnicity, faith and shared territory in the Middle Ages (13th–14th centuries), as documented by the [[Chronicle of Muntaner]] in the proposal of the [[Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)|Castilian king]] to the other Christian kings of the peninsula: "if these four Kings of Spain whom he named, who are of one flesh and blood, held together, little need they fear all the other powers of the world".<ref>[http://www.yorku.ca/inpar/muntaner_goodenough.pdf#page=206 Muntaner's Chronicle-p.206, L.Goodenough-Hakluyt-London-1921]</ref><ref>Margarit i Pau, Joan: ''Paralipomenon Hispaniae libri decem''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cervantes Virtual; f. LXXXIIIv. |url=http://www.lluisvives.com/servlet/SirveObras/jlv/91348064098793506388868/ima0197.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121190623/http://www.lluisvives.com/servlet/SirveObras/jlv/91348064098793506388868/ima0197.htm |archive-date=21 November 2014 |access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref> After the dynastic union of the [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Catholic Monarchs]] in the 15th century, the Spanish Monarchy ruled over different kingdoms, each with its own cultural, linguistic and political particularities, and the kings had to swear by the [[Laws]] of each territory before the respective [[Parliament]]s. Forming the [[Spanish Empire]], at this time the [[Habsburg Spain|Hispanic Monarchy]] had its maximum territorial expansion.

After the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], rooted in the political position of the [[Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares|Count-Duke of Olivares]] and the absolutism of [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]], the assimilation of the [[Crown of Aragon]] by the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian Crown]] through the [[Nueva Planta decrees|Decrees of Nueva Planta]] was the first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state. As in other contemporary European states, political union was the first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state, in this case not on a uniform [[Ethnic group|ethnic]] basis, but through the imposition of the political and cultural characteristics of the dominant ethnic group, in this case the Castilians, over those of other ethnic groups, who became [[Minority group|national minorities]] to be assimilated.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sales Vives |first=Pere |date=2020 |publisher=El Gall editor |isbn=9788416416707 |language=ca |pages=422 |title=L'Espanyolització de Mallorca: 1808–1932 |trans-title=The Spanishization of Mallorca: 1808–1932}}</ref><ref>Antoni Simon, [http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/34591 Els orígens històrics de l'anticatalanisme], páginas 45-46, L'Espill, nº 24, Universitat de València</ref> In fact, since the political unification of 1714, Spanish assimilation policies towards [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]] ([[Catalonia]], [[Valencian Community|Valencia]], the [[Balearic Islands]], part of [[Aragon]]) and other national minorities, as [[Basques]] and [[Galicians]], have been a historical constant.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayans Balcells |edition=del 1979|isbn=978-84-947201-4-7 |language=ca |first=Pere |pages=230 |title=Cròniques Negres del Català A L'Escola |trans-title=Black Chronicles of Catalan at School |year=2019|publisher=Edicions del 1979 }}</ref><ref name="Recopilació d'accions genocides con">{{cite book |last=Lluís |publisher=Base |isbn=9788418434983 |language=ca |first=García Sevilla |pages=300 |title=Recopilació d'accions genocides contra la nació catalana |trans-title=Compilation of genocidal actions against the Catalan nation |year=2021}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite book |last=Bea Seguí |publisher=Cossetània |isbn=9788490341339 |language=ca |first=Ignaci |pages=216 |title=En cristiano! Policia i Guàrdia Civil contra la llengua catalana |trans-title=In Christian! Police and Civil Guard against the Catalan language |year=2013}}</ref><ref name="galeusca2">{{cite web |archive-date=19 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719071429/http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788 |access-date=2 August 2008 |title=Enllaç al Manifest Galeusca on en l'article 3 es denuncia l'asimetria entre el castellà i les altres llengües de l'Estat Espanyol, inclosa el català. |language=ca |trans-title=The link to the Galeusca Manifest in article 3 denounces the asymmetry between Spanish and the other languages of the Estat Espanyol, including Catalan. |url=http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Radatz |first=Hans-Ingo |date=8 October 2020 |title=Spain in the 19th century: Spanish Nation Building and Catalonia's attempt at becoming an Iberian Prussia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344608600}}</ref>

[[File:Mapa político de España, 1850.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.35|School map of Spain from 1850. On it, the State is divided into four parts: – "Fully constitutional Spain", which includes Castile and the Galician-speaking territories. – "Annexed or assimilated Spain": the territories of the Crown of Aragon, the more significant part of which, except Aragon proper, are Catalan-speaking-, "Foral Spain", which includes Basque-speaking territories, – and "Colonial Spain", with the last overseas colonial territories.]]
The process of assimilation began with secret instructions to the corregidores of the Catalan territory: they "will take the utmost care to introduce the Castilian language, for which purpose he will give the most temperate and disguised measures so that the effect is achieved, without the care being noticed."<ref name="Historia general de España: Llegada">{{cite book |last=de la Cierva |date=1981 |publisher=Planeta |isbn=8485753003 |language=ca |first=Ricardo |pages=78 |title=Historia general de España: Llegada y apogeo de los Borbones |trans-title=General history of Spain: Arrival and heyday of the Bourbons}}</ref> From there, actions in the service of assimilation, discreet or aggressive, were continued, and reached to the last detail, such as, in 1799, the Royal Certificate forbidding anyone to "represent, sing and dance pieces that were not in Spanish."<ref name="Historia general de España: Llegada"/> These nationalist policies, sometimes very aggressive,<ref>{{cite book |last=Sobrequés Callicó |date=2021 |publisher=[[Department of Justice of the Generalitat de Catalunya]] |isbn=978-84-18601-20-0 |language=ca |first=Jaume |page=410 |title=Repressió borbònica i resistència identitària a la Catalunya del segle XVIII |trans-title=Bourbon repression and identity resistance to Catalonia in the 18th century}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ferrer Gironès |edition=62 |isbn=978-8429723632 |language=ca |first=Francesc |page=320 |title=La persecució política de la llengua catalana |trans-title=The political persecution of the Catalan language |year=1985|publisher=Edicions 62 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Benet |date=1995 |publisher=Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat |isbn=84-7826-620-8 |language=ca |first=Josep |title=L'intent franquista de genocidi cultural contra Catalunya |trans-title=The Francoist attempt of cultural genocide against Catalonia}}</ref><ref name=":0222">{{cite book |last=Llaudó Avila |date=2021 |edition=7th |publisher=Parcir |isbn=9788418849107 |location=Manresa |first=Eduard |title=Racisme i supremacisme polítics a l'Espanya contemporània |trans-title=Political racism and supremacism in contemporary Spain}}</ref> and still in force,<ref name=":3">{{cite web |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2018 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana |language=ca |trans-title=Legislative novelties in linguistic matters approved in 2018 that affect the Catalan-speaking territories |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats_legislatives_en_materia_linguistic02_1571310685.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2019 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana |language=ca |trans-title=Legislative novelties in linguistic matters approved in 2019 that affect the Catalan-speaking territories |url=https://plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/arxius/ambits-treball/Drets%20Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstics/Novetats_legislatives_en_mat%C3%A8ria_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic-2019-ok.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=2019 |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua |title=Comportament lingüístic davant dels cossos policials espanyols |language=ca |trans-title=Linguistic behavior before the Spanish police stations |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/linguisticcossospolicials_1576579756.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |title=L'espanyolisme lingüístic i la llengua comuna |trans-title=Linguistic Spanishism and the common language |last=Moreno Cabrera |first=Juan Carlos |publisher=Ponència del Consell de l'advocacia de Catalunya |book-title=VIII Jornada sobre l'Ús del Català a la Justícia |url=https://www.cicac.cat/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Espanyolisme_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_Juan-Carlos-Moreno.pdf |language=ca}}</ref> have been, and still are, the seed of repeated territorial conflicts within the State.

Although official Spanish history describes a "natural" decline of the Catalan language and increasing replacement by Spanish between the 16th and 19th centuries, especially among the upper classes, a survey of language usage in 1807, commissioned by [[Napoleon]], indicates that except in the royal courts, Spanish is absent from everyday life. It is indicated that Catalan "is taught in schools, printed and spoken, not only among the lower class, but also among people of first quality, also in social gatherings, as in visits and congresses", indicating that it is spoken everywhere "except in the royal courts". He also indicates that Catalan is also spoken "in the Kingdom of Valencia, in the islands of Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Sardinia, Corsica and much of Sicily, in the Vall of Aran and Cerdaña".<ref>{{cite book |last=Merle |first=René |title=Visions de "l'idiome natal" à travers l'enquête impériale sur les patois 1807–1812 |trans-title=Visions of the "native idiom" through the imperial survey of patois 1807–1812 |date=2010 |publisher=Editorial Trabucaire |isbn=978-2849741078 |location=Perpinyà |pages=223 |language=French}}</ref>

The nationalization process accelerated in the 19th century, in parallel to the origin of [[Spanish nationalism]], the social, political and ideological movement that tried to shape a Spanish national identity based on the Castilian model, in conflict with the other historical nations of the State. Politicians of the time were aware that despite the aggressive policies pursued up to that time, the uniform and monocultural "Spanish nation" did not exist, as indicated in 1835 by [[Antonio Alcalá Galiano|Antonio Alcalà Galiano]], when in the [[Cortes del Estatuto Real]] he defended the effort <blockquote>"To make the Spanish nation a nation that neither is nor has been until now."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fontana |first=Josep |title=La fi de l'antic règim i la industrialització. Vol. V Història de Catalunya |trans-title=The end of the old regime and industrialization. Flight. V History of Catalonia |publisher=Edicions 62 |year=1998 |isbn=9788429744408 |location=Barcelona |pages=453 |language=ca}}</ref></blockquote> In 1906, the Catalanist party [[Catalan Solidarity (1906)|Solidaritat Catalana]] was founded to try to mitigate the economically and culturally oppressive treatment of Spain towards the Catalans. One of the responses of [[Spanish nationalism]] came from the military state with statements such as that of the publication [[La Correspondencia Militar|La Correspondencia militar]]: "The Catalan problem is not solved, well, by freedom, but by restriction; not by palliatives and pacts, but by iron and fire". Another came from important Spanish intellectuals, such as [[Pío Baroja|Pio Baroja]] and [[Vicente Blasco Ibáñez|Blasco Ibáñez]], calling the Catalans "[[Jews]]", considered a serious insult at that time when [[Racism in Europe|racism]] was gaining strength.<ref name=":0222" />

Building the nation (as in [[France]], it was the state that created the nation, and not the opposite process) is an ideal that the Spanish elites constantly reiterated, and, one hundred years later than Alcalá Galiano, for example, we can also find it in the mouth of the fascist [[José Pemartín]], who admired the German and Italian modeling policies:<ref name=":0222" /><blockquote>"There is an intimate and decisive dualism, both in Italian fascism and in German National Socialism. On the one hand, the Hegelian doctrine of the absolutism of the state is felt. The State originates in the Nation, educates and shapes the mentality of the individual; is, in Mussolini's words, the soul of the soul»</blockquote> And will be found again two hundred years later, from the socialist [[Josep Borrell]]:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joe |first=Brew |date=26 February 2019 |title=Video of the Conference of Josep Borrell at the Geneva Press Club, 27th February, 2019 |url=https://twitter.com/joethebrew/status/1100466583208632320 |access-date=10 May 2023 |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><blockquote> The modern history of Spain is an unfortunate history that meant that we did not consolidate a modern State. Independenceists think that the nation makes the State. I think the opposite. The State makes the nation. A strong State, which imposes its language, culture, education.</blockquote> The turn of the 20th century, and the first half of that century, have seen the most ethnic violence, coinciding with a racism that even came to identify states with races; in the case of Spain, with a supposed Spanish race sublimated in Castilian, of which national minorities were degenerate forms, and the first of those that needed to be exterminated.<ref name=":0222" /> There were even public proposals for the repression of whole Catalonia, and even the extermination of Catalans, such as that of Juan Pujol, Head of Press and Propaganda of the Junta de Defensa Nacional during the [[Spanish Civil War]], in ''La Voz de España'',<ref>{{cite news |date=December 1936 |first=Juan |last=Pujol |work=La Voz de España}}<!-- auto-translated from Catalon by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> or that of [[Gonzalo Queipo de Llano|Queipo de Llano]], in a radio address<ref>Polo, Xavier. ''Todos los catalanes son una mierda''.  Proa, 2009. <nowiki>ISBN 9788484375739</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Roglan, Joaquim. ''14 d'abril: la Catalunya republicana (1931–1939)''.  Cossetània edicions, 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 9788497912037</nowiki>.</ref> in 1936, among others.

The influence of Spanish nationalism could be found in a pogrom in [[Argentina]], during the [[Tragic Week (Argentina)|Tragic Week]], in 1919.<ref>{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution |volume=1 |editor1-first=Richard S. |editor1-last=Levy |editor2-first=Dean Phillip |editor2-last=Bell |editor3-first=William Collins |editor3-last=Donahue |editor4-first=Kevin |editor4-last=Madigan |date=2005}}</ref> It was called to attack Jews and [[Catalans]] indiscriminately, possibly because the influence of [[Spanish nationalism]], which at the time described Catalans as a Semitic ethnicity.<ref name=":0222" />

Also, one can find discourses on the alienation of [[Catalan language|Catalan speakers]], such as, for example, an article entitled «Cataluña bilingüe», by [[Ramón Menéndez Pidal|Menéndez Pidal]], in which he defends the [[Romanones decree]] against the [[Catalan language]], published in [[El Imparcial (1867–1933)|El Imparcial]], on 15 December 1902:<ref name=":0222" /><blockquote>«… There they will see that the Courts of the Catalan-Aragonese Confederation never had Catalan as their official language; that the kings of Aragon, even those of the Catalan dynasty, used Catalan only in Catalonia, and used Spanish not only in the Cortes of Aragon, but also in foreign relations, the same with Castile or Navarre as with the infidel kings of Granada, from Africa or Asia, because even in the most important days of Catalonia, Spanish prevailed as the language of the Aragonese kingdom and Catalan was reserved for the peculiar affairs of the Catalan county..."</blockquote>or the article "Los Catalanes. A las Cortes Constituyentes », appeared in several newspapers, among others: [[El Dia de Alicante]], June 23, 1931, [[El Porvenir Castellano]] and [[El Noticiero de Soria]], July 2, 1931, in the [[Heraldo de Almeria]] on June 4, 1931, sent by the "Pro-Justice Committee", with a post office box in [[Madrid]]:<ref name=":0222" /><blockquote>"The Catalanists have recently declared that they are not Spanish, nor do they want to be, nor can they be. They have also been saying for a long time that they are an oppressed, enslaved, exploited people. It is imperative to do them justice... That they return to Phenicia or that they go wherever they want to admit them. When the Catalan tribes saw Spain and settled in the Spanish territory that is now occupied by the provinces of Barcelona, Gerona, Lérida and Tarragona, how little they imagined that the case of the captivity of the tribes of Israel in Egypt would be repeated there! !... Let us respect his most holy will. They are eternally inadaptable... Their cowardice and selfishness leaves them no room for fraternity... So, we propose to the Constituent Cortes the expulsion of the Catalanists... You are free! The Republic opens wide the doors of Spain, your prison. go away Get out of here. Go back to Phenicia, or go wherever you want, how big is the world."</blockquote>The main scapegoat of Spanish nationalism is the non-Spanish languages, which over the last three hundred years have been tried to be replaced by Spanish with hundreds of laws and regulations,<ref name=":2" /> but also with acts of great violence, such as during the civil war. For example, the statements of Queipo de Llano can be found in the article entitled "Against Catalonia, the Israel of the Modern World", published in the [[Diario Palentino]] on November 26, 1936, where it is dropped that in [[Americas|America]] Catalans are considered a race of [[Jews]], because they use the same procedures that the [[Hebrews]] perform in all the nations of the Globe. And considering the Catalans as Hebrews and considering his [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]] "Our struggle is not a civil war, but a war for Western civilization against the Jewish world," it is not surprising that Queipo de Llano expressed his [[Anti-Catalanism|anti-Catalan]] intentions: "When the war is over, Pompeu Fabra and his works will be dragged along the Ramblas"<ref name=":0222" /> (it was not talk to talk, the house of [[Pompeu Fabra]], the standardizer of Catalan language, was raided and his huge personal library burned in the middle of the street. Pompeu Fabra was able to escape into exile).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fabra, diccionari d'un home sense biografia |trans-title=Fabra, dictionary of a man without biography |url=https://www.ccma.cat/tv3/alacarta/sense-ficcio/fabra-diccionari-dun-home-sense-biografia/video/5845287/ |website=TV3 - Sense ficció |publisher=TV3 |language=ca}}</ref>

Another example of [[Fascism|fascist]] aggression towards the Catalan language is pointed out by [[Paul Preston]] in "The Spanish Holocaust",<ref name="Holo2">{{cite book |date=2012 |last=Preston |first=Paul |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-393-06476-6 |title=The Spanish Holocaust}}</ref> given that during the civil war it practically led to an ethnic conflict:<blockquote>"In the days following the occupation of Lleida (…), the republican prisoners identified as Catalans were executed without trial. Anyone who heard them speak Catalan was very likely to be arrested. The arbitrary brutality of the anti-Catalan repression reached such a point that Franco himself had to issue an order ordering that mistakes that could later be regretted be avoided ".

"There are examples of the murder of peasants for no other apparent reason than that of speaking Catalan"</blockquote>After a possible attempt at [[ethnic cleansing]],<ref name="Recopilació d'accions genocides con" /><ref name=":0222" /> the [[Biopolitics|biopolitical]] imposition of Spanish during the [[Francoist Spain|Franco dictatorship]], to the point of being considered an attempt at [[cultural genocide]], democracy consolidated an apparent asymmetric regime of [[bilingualism]] of sorts, wherein the Spanish government has employed a system of laws that favored Spanish over Catalan,<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2014 que afecten Catalunya |language=ca |trans-title=Legislative innovations in linguistic matters approved in 2014 that affect Catalonia |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/infornovetatslegislosc28022015_def_1434621426.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2015 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana |language=ca |trans-title=Legislative innovations in linguistic matters approved in 2015 that affect Catalan-speaking territories |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats-legislatives-2015_182_11_2160.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Report sobre les novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2016 |language=ca |trans-title=Report on legislative developments in linguistic matters approved in 2016 |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/report-de-novetats-legislatives-2016_1493294622.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report sobre les novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2017 |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/report-sobre-les-novetats-legislatives-en-materia-linguistica-aprovades-el-2017_1528193285.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Informe discriminacions lingüístiques 2016 |language=ca |trans-title=Linguistic discrimination report 2016 |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/informediscriminacioadministracions_1496058084.pdf |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua}}</ref><ref name=":5"/> which becomes the weaker of the two languages, and therefore, in the absence of other states where it is spoken, is doomed to extinction in the medium or short term. In the same vein, its use in the Spanish Congress is prevented,<ref>{{cite web |date=2013 |title=El Congrés a Bosch i Jordà: el català hi "està prohibit" |language=ca |trans-title=The Congress in Bosch and Jordà: Catalan is "forbidden" The Congress in Bosch and Jordà: Catalan is "forbidden" |url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/53649/congres-bosch-jorda-catala-esta-prohibit |publisher=Naciódigital |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-date=23 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223190423/https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/53649/congres-bosch-jorda-catala-esta-prohibit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2020 |title=La presidenta del Congrés de Diputats, Meritxell Batet, prohibeix parlar en català a Albert Botran (CUP) i li talla el micròfon |url=https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2020/11/18/345765/video-presidenta-del-congres-diputats-meritxell-batet-prohibeix-parlar-catala-albert-botran-cup-talla-microfon.html |publisher=Diari de les Balears}}</ref> and it is prevented from achieving official status Europe, unlike less spoken languages such as [[Goidelic languages|Gaelic]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2022 |title=L'oficialització del gaèlic a la UE torna a evidenciar la discriminació del català |url=https://www.ccma.cat/324/loficialitzacio-del-gaelic-a-la-ue-torna-a-evidenciar-la-discriminacio-del-catala/noticia/3138529/ |publisher=CCMA}}</ref> In other institutional areas, such as justice, [[Plataforma per la Llengua]] has denounced [[Anti-Catalanism|Catalanophobia]]. The association [[Soberania i Justícia]] have also denounced it in an act in the [[European Parliament]]. It also takes the form of [[linguistic secessionism]], originally advocated by the Spanish extreme right and which has finally been adopted by the Spanish government itself and state bodies.<ref name="dbalears.cat">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=El Govern espanyol ofereix el 'baléà' com a llengua oficial en una campanya |url=https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2022/05/18/366617/govern-espanyol-ofereix-balea-com-llengua-oficial-campanya-seguretat.html |website=Diari de Balears}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-01 |title=Les webs de l'Estat: sense presència del català, o amb errors ortogràfics |newspaper=El Nacional |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/cultura/llengua-catalana-webs-estat-plataforma_456246_102.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sallés |first=Quico |date=2022-10-22 |title=El CNP, a un advocat: "No estem obligats a conèixer el dialecte català" |url=https://elmon.cat/societat/llengua/cnp-advocat-no-obligats-dialecte-catala-501969/ |url-status= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=El Mon }}</ref>

In November 2005, [[Òmnium Cultural|Omnium Cultural]] organized a meeting of Catalan and Madrid intellectuals in the [[Círculo de Bellas Artes|Círculo de bellas artes]] in Madrid to show support for ongoing reform of Catalan Statute of Autonomy, which sought to resolve territorial tensions, and among other things better protect the Catalan language. On the Catalan side, a flight was made with one hundred representatives of the cultural, civic, intellectual, artistic and sporting world of Catalonia, but on the Spanish side, except [[Santiago Carrillo]], a politician from the [[Second Spanish Republic|Second Republic]], did not attend any more.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=May 1, 2022|date=2013-07-26|publisher=Vilaweb|language=ca|title=El suport explícit de la societat civil de Madrid a l'Estatut es limita a Santiago Carrillo|url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/4136130/20130726/suport-explicit-societat-civil-madrid-lestatut-limita-santiago-carrillo.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 2 November 2005|title=En busca de la "España educada" |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2005/11/03/espana/1130972416_850215.html |newspaper=El País}}</ref> The subsequent failure of the statutory reform with respect to its objectives opened the door to the growth of Catalan sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=May 1, 2022|date=2017-07-10|publisher=Nació digital|language=ca|title=Fotos – Set anys de la manifestació del 10-J, punt de partida del procés sobiranista|url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/134582/fotos-set-anys-manifestacio-10-j-punt-partida-proces-sobiranista}}</ref>

Apart from language discrimination by public officials,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 May 2021 |date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Plataforma per la llengua |language=ca |title=Informe de discriminacions lingüístiques 2020: "Habla en castellano, cojones, que estamos en España" |trans-title=Linguistic discrimination report 2020: "Speak in Spanish, cojones, que estamos en España" |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/que-fem/estudis-i-publicacions/293/informe-de-discriminacions-linguistiques-2020-habla-en-castellano-cojones-que-estamos-en-espana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Jordi |date=13 March 2020 |title=Garrotada de l'ONU a Espanya: reconeix els catalans com a "minoria nacional" |trans-title=UN whip in Spain: recognizes the Catalans as a "national minority" |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/garrotada-onu-espanya-reconeix-catalans-minoria-nacional_479247_102.html |url-status= |archive-date= |language=ca}}</ref> e.g. in the hospitals,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 May 2022 |date=24 May 2022 |publisher=Vilaweb |language=ca |title="En espanyol, perquè no t'entenc": obligada a parlar en castellà mentre visitava un familiar a l'hospital |trans-title="In Spanish, because I don't understand you": forced to speak in Spanish while visiting a relative in the hospital |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/discriminacio-linguistica-hospital-vila-joiosa-plataforma-llengua/}}</ref> the prohibition until September 2023 (47 years after Franco's death) of using the Catalan language in state institutions such as Court,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=May 1, 2022 |date=2022-05-17 |publisher=Vilaweb |language=ca |title=Batet talla la paraula a Botran perquè parlava en català: "La llengua castellana és la de tots" |trans-title=Batet cuts the word to Botran because he spoke in Catalan: "The Castilian language is that of all" |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/batet-botran-catala-congres-espanyol-llengua-castellana/}}</ref> despite being the former [[Crown of Aragon]], with three Catalan-speaking territories, one of the co-founders of the current Spanish state, is nothing more than the continuation of the foreignization of Catalan-speaking people from the first third of the 20th century, in full swing of state racism and [[fascism]]. It also can be pointed the [[linguistic secessionism]], originally advocated by the Spanish far right and which has finally been adopted by the Spanish government itself and state bodies.<ref name="dbalears.cat"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-01 |title=Les webs de l'Estat: sense presència del català, o amb errors ortogràfics |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/cultura/llengua-catalana-webs-estat-plataforma_456246_102.html |newspaper=El Nacional}}</ref> By fragmenting Catalan language into as many languages as territories, it becomes inoperative, economically suffocated, and becomes a political toy in the hands of territorial politicians.

Susceptible to be classified as an [[ethnic democracy]], the Spanish State currently only recognizes the [[Romani people|Romani]] as a national minority, excluding [[Catalans]] (and, of course, Valencians and Balearic), [[Basques]] and [[Galicians]]. However, it is evident to any external observer that there are social diversities within the Spanish State that qualify as manifestations of national minorities, such as, for example, the existence of the main three linguistic minorities in their ancestral territories.<ref name=":042">{{cite web|publisher=Biblioteca de cultura jurídica|language=es|first=Eduardo J. |last=Ruiz Vieytez|title=España y el Convenio Marco para la Protección de las Minorías Nacionales: Una reflexión crítica|url=http://bibliotecaculturajuridica.com/EDIT/1209/espa%C3%B1a-y-el-convenio-marco-para-la-proteccion-de-las-minorias-nacionales-una-reflexion-critica.html/}}</ref>