Editing Objectivist movement (section)

==Objectivism in academia==
Despite the fact that several members of The Collective were philosophy graduate students at [[New York University|NYU]],<ref name="own words">{{Cite AV media |people=Peikoff, Leonard |title=Leonard Peikoff in His Own Words |medium=DVD |publisher=Northern River Productions}}</ref> Objectivism did not begin to make serious inroads into academic philosophy until the 1980s. Rand herself had much disdain for modern academia, citing the poor state of American universities, particularly the [[humanities]], as the source of much of the country's problems.<ref name="new intellectual">{{cite book |last=Rand |first=Ayn |title=For the New Intellectual |publisher=Signet |isbn=0-451-16308-7 |year=1961}}</ref> Peikoff expressed similar sentiments in the early 1990s, declaring that his book on Objectivism was "written not for academics, but for human beings (including any academics who qualify)".<ref>{{cite book |last=Peikoff |first=Leonard |year=1993 |title=[[Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand]] |location=New York |publisher=Meridian |page=xiv |isbn=978-0-452-01101-4}}</ref> The Ayn Rand Institute initially concentrated on promoting Objectivism independently of academia, supplying free books to high schools and universities, sponsoring essay contests for students and support programs for teachers and professors interested in studying and teaching Rand's ideas.<ref name="About ARI">{{cite web |url=http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_ari |title=About ARI |access-date=July 25, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129170819/http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_ari |archive-date=January 29, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some limited academic attention was given to Objectivism in the 1970s. In 1971, William F. O'Neill published ''With Charity Toward None: An Analysis of Ayn Rand's Philosophy'', in which he provides an academic discussion of Objectivism. Although he alleges flaws in Rand's thinking, he expresses admiration for her efforts, and particularly her ability to motivate readers to think about philosophical issues.<ref>{{cite book |title=With Charity Toward None: An Analysis of Ayn Rand's Philosophy |last=O'Neill |first=William F. |location=New York |publisher=Philosophical Library |year=1971 |isbn=0-8022-2034-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/withcharitytowar00onei }}; cf. discussion of O'Neill's book in {{harvnb|Gladstein|1999|p=100}}.</ref> There was occasional discussion of Rand in scholarly journals throughout the rest of the decade.<ref>For example: {{cite journal |title=On the Randian Argument |last=Nozick |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Nozick |journal=The Personalist |date=Spring 1971 |volume=52 |pages=282–304}}; {{cite journal |title=The Extroflective Hero: A Look at Ayn Rand |last=Gordon |first=Philip |journal=[[The Journal of Popular Culture]] |date=Autumn 1977 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=701–710 |doi=10.1111/j.0022-3840.1977.1004_701.x}}; {{cite journal |title=Ayn Rand and Feminism: An Unlikely Alliance |last=Gladstein |first=Mimi R. |journal=[[College English]] |date=February 1978 |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=25–30 |doi=10.2307/375869|jstor=375869 }}; and {{cite journal |title=Nozick On the Randian Argument |last1=Den Uyl |first1= Douglas |last2=Rasmussen |first2=Douglas |journal=[[Pacific Philosophical Quarterly|The Personalist]] |date=April 1978 |volume=59 |pages=184–205}}</ref>

Thirteen years later, the second book-length academic study of Objectivism appeared. It was a collection of essays called ''[[The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand]]'' (1984), edited by Douglas Den Uyl and Douglas Rasmussen. It was also the first book about Rand's thought to be published after her death. Den Uyl and Rasmussen made a specific effort to bring more serious scholarly attention to Objectivism by maintaining high scholarly standards for the essays in their book.<ref>{{harvnb|Gladstein|1999|pp=101–102}}.</ref>

In 1987, noted [[Aristotle]] scholar and Rand student [[Allan Gotthelf]] co-founded the Ayn Rand Society with George Walsh and David Kelley,<ref>{{cite journal |first=William |last=Thomas |title=Ayn Rand Through Two Lenses |journal=Navigator |date=April 2000 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=15–19 |url=http://www.atlassociety.org/on-ayn-rand-gotthelf |access-date=August 24, 2012 |archive-date=July 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725004516/http://www.atlassociety.org/on-ayn-rand-gotthelf |url-status=live }}</ref> which is affiliated with the [[American Philosophical Association]]. Non-Objectivist participants have included [[Jaegwon Kim]] and [[Susan Haack]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aynrandsociety.org |title=Ayn Rand Society |access-date=May 30, 2009 |archive-date=August 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825094845/http://aynrandsociety.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1995, Chris Matthew Sciabarra published ''Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical'', an academic study of Rand's ideas and intellectual history.<ref name="harvnb|Sciabarra|1995"/> Rand bibliographer [[Mimi Reisel Gladstein]] called Sciabarra's work "a significant milestone in Rand studies".<ref>{{harvnb|Gladstein|1999|p=106}}.</ref> Three years later, Sciabarra declared a "renaissance" in the scholarship about Rand, noting that his book was only "one of fifteen book titles dealing with Rand that have been published since 1995, along with countless articles and other references to her work".<ref>{{harvnb|Sciabarra|1998|p=132}}.</ref> However, he also noted that not all of the material carried "deep scholarly interest".<ref>{{harvnb|Sciabarra|1998|p=133}}.</ref>

In 2001, [[John P. McCaskey]] founded the Anthem Foundation for Objectivist Scholarship, which sponsors the work of professors affiliated with the Ayn Rand Institute.<ref>''Impact'' July 2003</ref> As of 2007 there were 13 such fellowships for the study of Objectivism in universities in the U.S., including at the [[University of Pittsburgh]] and the [[University of Texas at Austin]].<ref name="About ARI"/><ref>{{cite journal |first=Erika |last=Fricke |url=http://www.umc.pitt.edu/pittmag/summer2004/cornerstones.html |title=Follow Reason: An Objectivist Viewpoint |journal=Pitt Magazine |date=Summer 2004 |access-date=July 25, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611011903/http://www.umc.pitt.edu/pittmag/summer2004/cornerstones.html |archive-date=June 11, 2007}}</ref> In 2006, the Anthem Foundation in conjunction with the [[University of Pittsburgh]] hosted a conference on the philosophy of science called "Concepts and Objectivity: Knowledge, Science, and Values". Participants included Objectivists Onkar Ghate, [[Allan Gotthelf]], [[James G. Lennox]], [[Harry Binswanger]], and [[Tara Smith (philosopher)|Tara Smith]], as well as noted analytic philosophers [[David Sosa]], [[Aloysius Martinich|A. P. Martinich]], and [[Peter Railton]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~hpsdept/news/news/ConceptsObjConf2006.pdf |title=Concepts and Objectivity |year=2006 |access-date=July 23, 2007 |archive-date=July 9, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709213010/http://www.pitt.edu/~hpsdept/news/news/ConceptsObjConf2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Other Objectivists, not all of whom are affiliated with ARI, have received support from the BB&T Charitable Foundation's program to support the study of capitalism.<ref>{{cite web |title=BB&T Programs |url=http://business.clemson.edu/BBTCENTER/cci/capres/bbtp/bbtp.html |access-date=July 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903112634/http://business.clemson.edu/BBTCENTER/cci/capres/bbtp/bbtp.html |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  In 2010 McCaskey was forced to resign from the [[Ayn Rand Institute]] and subsequently resigned from the Anthem Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ayn Rand Institute vs. John McCaskey |url=http://ariwatch.com/WhosWho/ARIvsJohnMcCaskey.htm |access-date=March 7, 2017 |archive-date=March 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308043527/http://ariwatch.com/WhosWho/ARIvsJohnMcCaskey.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, [[Cambridge University Press]] published [[Tara Smith (philosopher)|Tara Smith]]'s book, ''Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Tara |year=2006 |title=Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-86050-4}}</ref>

Since 1999, ''[[The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies]]'', edited by [[Stephen D. Cox]], Chris Matthew Sciabarra, and [[R. W. Bradford]] (until his death in 2005), has been published semi-annually as a "nonpartisan", scholarly forum for the discussion of Rand's work and its application to many fields.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aynrandstudies.com/jars/index.asp |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020915022014/http://www.aynrandstudies.com/jars/index.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 15, 2002 |title=The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies |access-date=July 25, 2007 }}</ref> The ''Journal'' is published by the ''Pennsylvania University Press'' and archived at Stanford University's CLOCKSS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyu.edu/projects/sciabarra/notablog/archives/001776.html|title=Notablog of Christopher Matthew Sciabarra|last=Sciabarra|first=Christopher Matthew|date=September 10, 2012|access-date=November 23, 2017|archive-date=November 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116191533/http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sciabarra/notablog/archives/001776.html|url-status=live}}</ref> None of its editors have been aligned with the Ayn Rand Institute, and no one affiliated with ARI has participated in its exchanges since 2002.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

===Student activism===

Objectivism has remained popular on college campuses, with dozens of student groups dedicated to promoting and studying the philosophy of Objectivism<ref>{{harvnb|Gladstein|2009|p=114}}</ref> spread across the U.S., Australia, Canada, Guatemala,<ref>{{cite web |title=Leftist thinking left off the syllabus |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-guatemala6-2008jun06,0,5560223.story |access-date=May 30, 2009 |first=Marla |last=Dickerson |date=June 6, 2008 |work=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=December 10, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210175151/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-guatemala6-2008jun06,0,5560223.story |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Norway.<ref>{{cite web |title=A growing concern |first=David |last=Cohen |date=December 7, 2001 |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/dec/07/internationaleducationnews.highereducation |access-date=May 31, 2009}}</ref> These clubs often present speakers on controversial topics such as abortion, religion, and foreign policy, often allying with conservative (and sometimes liberal) organizations to organize their events. For example, the [[New York University]] Objectivism Club hosted a joint panel on the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|Muhammad cartoons]] that received nationwide coverage for NYU's censorship of the cartoons.<ref>{{cite web |title=To Show or Not to Show Muhammad Cartoon |date=March 20, 2006 |first=David |last=Epstein |work=Inside Higher Education |url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/03/30/cartoon |access-date=May 31, 2009 |archive-date=April 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420135725/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/03/30/cartoon |url-status=live }}</ref> There are several dozen speakers sponsored by the Ayn Rand Institute<ref>{{cite web|title=ARC Speakers & Writers|url=http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=media_speakers_writers|access-date=May 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420235235/http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=media_speakers_writers|archive-date=April 20, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> and other organizations who give nationwide tours each year speaking about Objectivism.

The Ayn Rand Institute has spent $5 million on educational programs advancing Objectivism, including scholarships and clubs. These clubs often obtain educational materials and speakers from ARI. There are also several conferences organized by various organizations, which draw several hundred attendees each summer and feature philosophy courses and presentations of new publications and research. A student-run magazine, ''The Undercurrent'', is published for colleges around the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=''The Undercurrent''|url=http://the-undercurrent.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405214345/http://the-undercurrent.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 5, 2005|access-date=May 30, 2009}}</ref>