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Old Irish
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=== Stops following other consonants === Ambiguity arises in the pronunciation of the stop consonants (''c, g, t, d, p, b'') when they follow ''l, n,'' or ''r'': :{| class="wikitable" |- !colspan=3|Homographs involving {{angbr|l}}, {{angbr|n}}, {{angbr|r}} |- !Old Irish !Pronunciation !English |- |{{lang|sga|derc}} | {{IPA|/dʲerk/}} | {{lang|en|hole}} |- |{{lang|sga|derc}} | {{IPA|/dʲerɡ/}} | {{lang|en|red}} |- |{{lang|sga|daltae}} | {{IPA|/daLte/}} | {{lang|en|fosterling}} |- |{{lang|sga|celtae}} | {{IPA|/kʲeLde/}} | {{lang|en|who hide}} |- |{{lang|sga|anta}} | {{IPA|/aNta/}} | {{lang|en|of remaining}} |- |{{lang|sga|antae}} | {{IPA|/aNde/}} | {{lang|en|who remain}} |} After ''m'', the letter ''b'' is naturally a stop {{IPAslink|b}}. After ''d, l, r'', the letter ''b'' is fricative {{IPAslink|v}}: :{| class="wikitable" |- !colspan=3|Consonant {{angbr|b}} |- !Old Irish !Pronunciation !English |- |{{lang|sga|imb}} | {{IPA|/imʲbʲ/}} | {{lang|en|butter}} |- |{{lang|sga|odb}} | {{IPA|/oðv/}} | {{lang|en|knot}} (in a tree) |- |{{lang|sga|delb}} | {{IPA|/dʲelv/}} | {{lang|en|image}} |- |{{lang|sga|marb}} | {{IPA|/marv/}} | {{lang|en|dead}} |} After ''n'' or ''r'', the letter ''d'' is a stop {{IPAslink|d}}: :{| class="wikitable" |- !colspan=3|Consonant {{angbr|d}} |- !Old Irish !Pronunciation !English |- |{{lang|sga|bind}} | {{IPA|/bʲiNʲdʲ/}} | {{lang|en|melodious}} |- |{{lang|sga|cerd}} | {{IPA|/kʲeRd/}} | {{lang|en|art, skill}} |} After ''n, l'', or ''r'', the letter ''g'' is usually a stop {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, but it becomes a fricative {{IPAslink|ɣ}} in a few words: :{| class="wikitable" |- !colspan=3|Consonant {{angbr|g}} |- !Old Irish !Pronunciation !English |- |{{lang|sga|long}} | {{IPA|/Loŋɡ/}} | {{lang|en|ship}} |- |{{lang|sga|delg}} or {{lang|sga|delc}} | {{IPA|/dʲelɡ/}} | {{lang|en|thorn}} |- |{{lang|sga|argat}} or {{lang|sga|arggat}} | {{IPA|/arɡəd/}} | {{lang|en|silver}} |- |{{lang|sga|ingen}}<ref name="ingen" group=*> *''ingen'' {{IPA|/inʲɣʲən/}} "daughter" < Ogam {{sm|inigena}} < Proto-Celtic *eni-genā (cf. [[Latin]] ''indigenā'' "(female) native", [[Ancient Greek]] ''engónē'' "granddaughter"). *''ingen'' {{IPA|/iNʲɡʲən/}} "claw, nail" < Proto-Celtic *angʷīnā < PIE *h₃n̥gʷʰ- (cf. Latin ''unguis''). </ref> | {{IPA|/inʲɣʲən/}} | {{lang|en|daughter}} |- |{{lang|sga|ingen}}<ref name="ingen" group=*/> | {{IPA|/iNʲɡʲən/}} | {{lang|en|nail, claw}} |- |{{lang|sga|bairgen}} | {{IPA|/barʲɣʲən/}} | {{lang|en|loaf of bread}} |}
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