Editing Open educational resources (section)

==Institutional support==
A large part of the early work on open educational resources was funded by universities and foundations such as the [[William and Flora Hewlett Foundation]],<ref name="guttenplan" /> which was the main financial supporter of open educational resources in the early years and has spent more than $110 million in the 2002 to 2010 period, of which more than $14 million went to [[MIT OpenCourseWare|MIT]].<ref name="hafner" /> The [[Shuttleworth Foundation]], which focuses on projects concerning collaborative content creation, has contributed as well. With the British government contributing £5.7m,<ref>{{Cite news| last = Swain| first = Harriet| title = Any student, any subject, anywhere| work = The Guardian| location = London| access-date = 2010-12-19| date = 2009-11-10| url = https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/nov/10/web-technology-degree-future-online}}</ref> institutional support has also been provided by the UK funding bodies [[Joint Information Systems Committee|JISC]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Open educational resources programme – phase 2 | work = JISC | access-date = 2010-12-03 | year = 2010 | url = http://www.jisc.ac.uk/oer | archive-date = 1 November 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101101122825/http://www.jisc.ac.uk/oer/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> and [[Higher Education Funding Council for England|HEFCE]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Open educational resources programme – phase 1 | work = JISC | access-date = 2010-12-03 | year = 2009 | url = http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/elearning/oer | archive-date = 26 October 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141026191621/http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/elearning/oer | url-status = dead }}</ref> The JISC/HEFCE UKOER Programme (Phase 3 from October 2011 – October 2012)<ref>{{cite web|last1=L.|first1=McGill|last2=I.|first2=Falconer|last3=A.|first3=Littlejohn|last4=H.|first4=Beetham|date=2013-02-01|title=JISC/HE Academy OER Programme: Phase 3 Synthesis and Evaluation Report|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/52748/|access-date=2018-06-27|website=oro.open.ac.uk}}</ref> was meant to build on sustainable procedure indicated in the first two phases eventually expanding in new directions that connect Open Educational Resources to other fields of work.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cronin|first=Catherine|date=2017-08-15|title=Openness and Praxis: Exploring the Use of Open Educational Practices in Higher Education|journal=The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning|language=en|volume=18|issue=5|doi=10.19173/irrodl.v18i5.3096|issn=1492-3831|doi-access=free|hdl=10379/6394|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Open Educational Resources infoKit / Open Educational Resources Programme|url=https://openeducationalresources.pbworks.com/w/page/24838291/Open%20Educational%20Resources%20Programme|access-date=2018-06-27|website=openeducationalresources.pbworks.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Open educational resources (OERs) {{!}} Jisc|url=https://www.jisc.ac.uk/full-guide/open-educational-resources|access-date=2018-06-27|website=Jisc|date=9 December 2010|language=en-GB|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929184417/https://www.jisc.ac.uk/full-guide/open-educational-resources|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)]] is taking a leading role in "making countries aware of the potential of OER."<ref>{{cite web| title = Initiative Background| work = Taking OER beyond the OER Community| access-date = 2011-01-01| year = 2009| url = http://oerworkshop.weebly.com/index.html}}</ref> The organisation has instigated debate on how to apply OERs in practice and chaired vivid discussions on this matter through its [[UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning|International Institute of Educational Planning]] (IIEP).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Saxton|first=Jim|date=2013-12-09|title=Red Flag Way: Exploring copyright protection, TRIPS and Open Source software licensing in the People's Republic of China|journal=International Free and Open Source Software Law Review|volume=5|issue=2|pages=55–78|doi=10.5033/ifosslr.v5i2.80|issn=1877-6922|doi-access=free}}</ref> Believing that OERs can widen access to quality education, particularly when shared by many countries and higher education institutions, UNESCO also champions OERs as a means of promoting access, equity and quality in the spirit of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].<ref>{{cite web| website= UNESCO |title=The New Dynamics of Higher Education and Research for Societal Change and Development: Communiqué | year = 2009| url = http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/ED/pdf/WCHE_2009/FINAL%20COMMUNIQUE%20WCHE%202009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112024933/http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/ED/pdf/WCHE_2009/FINAL%20COMMUNIQUE%20WCHE%202009.pdf |archive-date=2009-11-12}}</ref> In 2012 the [[UNESCO 2012 Paris OER Declaration|Paris OER Declaration]]<ref>{{cite web| title = UNESCO Paris OER Declaration 2012|access-date = 2012-06-27 | year = 2012 | url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/Events/Paris%20OER%20Declaration_01.pdf}}</ref> was approved during the 2012 OER World Congress held at UNESCO's headquarters in Paris.

As of 2022, many institutions of higher education provide a broad range of support for instructors and faculty incorporating open practices, including the adoption, modification and creation of OER.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Santiago, A., & Ray, L. (2020). Navigating support models for OER publishing: case studies from the University of Houston and the University of Washington. ''Reference Services Review''.</ref> Support provided may include financial stipends, course release, instructional design assistance, research expertise and recognition in retention, promotion and tenure. Manowaluilou (2020)<ref name=":4" /><ref>Manowaluilou, N. (2020).Development of open educational resources for supporting academic English in higher education, Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 41(2020), 238-243.</ref> conducted research on the use of Open Educational Resources (OER) in higher education, particularly focusing on their role in enhancing academic English writing. The study highlights that OER can serve as valuable supplemental resources for students, potentially alleviating the need for professors to dedicate significant time and resources to teaching writing skills. This approach may improve learning efficiency and accessibility within academic environments.<ref>{{cite web |last=Essmiller |first=Kathy |date=July 5, 2022 |title=Open OKState Fellows |url=https://info.library.okstate.edu/openokstatefellows |website=OSU Edmon Low Library & Branch Libraries}}</ref>