Editing Operon (section)

== Operons response to genome-wide stresses ==
Primary promoters are the main controllers of operons. However, many operons have internal promoters. For example, half of all operons of ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'' have internal promoters''.'' What happens when both the primary as well as the internal promoters are simultaneously perturbed? A recent study followed how each gene in each operon responded to such genome-wide stresses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jagadeesan |first=Rahul |last2=Dash |first2=Suchintak |last3=Palma |first3=Cristina S. D. |last4=Baptista |first4=Ines S. C. |last5=Chauhan |first5=Vatsala |last6=Mäkelä |first6=Jarno |last7=Ribeiro |first7=Andre S. |date=2025-05-16 |title=Dynamics of bacterial operons during genome-wide stresses is influenced by premature terminations and internal promoters |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adl3570 |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=11 |issue=20 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adl3570 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=12083536 |pmid=40378216}}</ref> They found that many transcription events of operons end prematurely in those conditions. They also found that internal promoters compensate significantly for those terminations creating a wave-like response pattern along operons. Next, it was shown that the same occurs in evolutionarily distant bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Helicobacter pylori.