Editing Ordination (section)

==Buddhism==
[[Image:Novitiate Buddhist ordination.jpg|thumb|right|Novitiate [[Buddhist]] ordination]]
{{Main|Vinaya}}

The tradition of the ordained [[monasticism|monastic]] community (''[[Sangha (Buddhism)|sangha]]'') began with the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], who established orders of [[monk]]s and later of [[nun]]s. The procedure of ordination in [[Buddhism]] is laid down in the [[Vinaya]] and [[Patimokkha]] or [[Pratimoksha]] scriptures. There exist three intact ordination lineages nowadays in which one can receive an ordination according to the Buddha's teachings:{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
* [[Dharmaguptaka]] Lineage
* [[Pratimoksha|Mulasarvastivadin]] Lineage
* [[Patimokkha|Theravada]] Lineage

===Mahayana===
{{Main|Mahayana Buddhism}}
[[Saicho]] repeatedly requested that the Japanese government allow the construction of a Mahayana ordination platform. Permission was granted in 822 CE, seven days after Saicho died. The platform was finished in 827 CE at [[Enryaku-ji temple]] on [[Mount Hiei]], and was the first in Japan. Prior to this, those wishing to become monks/nuns were ordained using the [[Theravada Buddhism|Hinayana]] precepts, whereas after the Mahayana ordination platform, people were ordained with the [[Bodhisattva]] precepts as listed in the [[Brahma Net Sutra]].<ref>Mahayana Ordination Platform "Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism."</ref>

===Theravada===
{{Main|Sangha (Buddhism)#Women's role in the Sangha|l1=Sangha § Ordination process|Bhikkhu|Bhikkhuni|Theravada#Ordination |Pabbajja}}

''Pabbajja'' is an ordination procedure for novice Buddhist monks in the [[Theravada]] tradition.

===Fully ordained nuns===
The legitimacy of fully ordained nuns (''bhikkhuni/bhiksuni'') has become a significant topic of discussion in recent years. Texts passed down in every Buddhist tradition record that Gautama Buddha created an order of fully ordained nuns, but the tradition has died out in some Buddhist traditions such as Theravada Buddhism, while remaining strong in others such as [[Chinese Buddhism]] ([[Dharmaguptaka]] lineage). In the [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan lineage]], which follows the Mulasarvastivadin lineage, the lineage of fully ordained nuns was not brought to [[Tibet]] by the Indian [[Vinaya]] masters, hence there is no rite for the ordination of full nuns. However [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|the 14th Dalai Lama]] has endeavored for many years to improve this situation.<ref name="possibility">{{cite web|url=http://www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org/index.php?id=30|title=Press|website=www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115233532/http://www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org/index.php?id=30|archive-date=15 November 2017}}</ref> In 2005, he asked fully ordained nuns in the Dharmaguptaka lineage, especially [[Jampa Tsedroen]], to form a committee to work for the acceptance of the ''bhiksuni'' lineage within the Tibetan tradition,<ref name="possibility"/> and donated €50,000 for further research. The "1st International Congress on Buddhist Women's Role in the Sangha: Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages" was held at the University of Hamburg from 18 to 20 July 2007, in cooperation with the university's Asia-Africa Institute. Although the general tenor was that full ordination was overdue, the Dalai Lama presented a pre-drafted statement<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org/index.php?id=142|title=Statement of H.H.-the Dalai Lama|website=www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002220637/http://www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org/index.php?id=142|archive-date=2 October 2017}}</ref> saying that more time was required to reach a decision, thus nullifying the intentions of the congress.

===Posthumous ordination===
In Medieval [[Sōtō]] [[Zen]], a tradition of posthumous ordination was developed to give the laity access to [[Japanese funeral|Zen funeral rites]]. Chinese Ch’an monastic codes, from which Japanese [[Sōtō]] practices were derived, contain only monastic funeral rites; there were no provisions made for funerals for lay believers. To solve this problem, the Sōtō school developed the practice of ordaining laypeople after death, thus allowing monastic funeral rites to be used for them as well.<ref>[[William M. Bodiford]], ''Soto Zen in Medieval Japan'' (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993), 195–96.</ref>

===New Kadampa Tradition===
{{Main|New Kadampa Tradition#Ordination}}
The Buddhist ordination tradition of the [[New Kadampa Tradition]]-International Kadampa Buddhist Union (NKT-IKBU) is not the traditional Buddhist ordination, but rather one newly created by [[Kelsang Gyatso]]. Although those ordained within this organisation are called 'monks' and 'nuns' within the organisation, and wear the robes of traditional Tibetan monks and nuns, in terms of traditional Buddhism they are neither fully ordained monks and nuns (Skt.: [[Bhikkhu|bhikshu]], [[Bhikkhuni|bhikshuni]]; Tib.: gelong, gelongma) nor are they novice monks and nuns (Skt.: sramanera, srameneri; Tib.: gestul, getsulma).<ref name="info-buddhism.com">{{cite web|url=http://info-buddhism.com/new_kadampa_tradition.html#Ordination|title=New Kadampa Tradition – Kadampa Buddhism (NKT-IKBU) – Kadampa Meditation Center|website=info-buddhism.com|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705125525/https://info-buddhism.com/new_kadampa_tradition.html#Ordination|archive-date=5 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/vin/|title=Vinaya Pitaka: The Basket of the Discipline|website=www.accesstoinsight.org|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509220219/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/vin/|archive-date=9 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.budsas.org/ebud/whatbudbeliev/148.htm|title=What Buddhists Believe – What is Vinaya?|last=BuddhaSasana|website=www.budsas.org|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827074242/http://www.budsas.org/ebud/whatbudbeliev/148.htm|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref>

Unlike most other Buddhist traditions, including all Tibetan Buddhist schools, which follow the Vinaya, the NKT-IKBU ordination consists of the [[Five Precepts]] of a lay person, plus five more precepts created by [[Kelsang Gyatso]]. He is said to view them as a "practical condensation" of the 253 Vinaya vows of fully ordained monks.<ref name="info-buddhism.com"/>

There are also no formal instructions and guidelines for the behaviour of monks and nuns within the NKT. Because the behaviour of monks and nuns is not clearly defined "each Resident Teacher developed his or her own way of 'disciplining' monks and nuns at their centres ...".<ref>Realising the Guru's Intention: Hungry Humans and Awkward Animals in a New Kadampa Tradition community by Carol McQuire, in Spiritual and Visionary Communities – Out to Save the World, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, pp. 72–73</ref>

Kelsang Gyatso's ordination has been publicly criticised by Geshe [[Tashi Tsering (Jamyang Buddhist Centre)|Tashi Tsering]] as going against the core teachings of Buddhism and against the teachings of Tsongkhapa, the founder of the Gelugpa school from which Kelsang Gyatso was expelled<ref>Expulsion letter: {{cite web |url=http://info-buddhismus.de/200514.pdf |title=To the Tibetan Buddhists around the world and fellow Tibetan compatriots within and outside Tibet |access-date=23 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306035621/http://info-buddhismus.de/200514.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhckkxSgQ8g|title=(part 1) Geshe Tashi explains Buddhist ordination rite|last=Londonnay ལོན་ཏོན་ནས།|date=29 October 2015|access-date=9 May 2018|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922035412/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhckkxSgQ8g|archive-date=22 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKZK6DAzKto|title=(part 2) Geshe Tashi challenges NKT Buddhist ordination rite|last=Londonnay ལོན་ཏོན་ནས།|date=2 November 2015|access-date=9 May 2018|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509220105/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKZK6DAzKto|archive-date=9 May 2018}}</ref>