Editing Paper machine (section)

=== Variations of the Fourdrinier forming section ===
The forming section type is usually based on the grade of paper or paperboard being produced; however, many older machines use a less than optimum design.  Older machines can be upgraded to include more appropriate forming sections.

A '''second headbox''' may be added to a conventional fourdrinier to put a different fibre blend on top of a base layer. A ''secondary headbox'' is normally located at a point where the base sheet is completely drained. This is not considered a separate ply because the water action does a good job of intermixing the fibers of the top and bottom layer. Secondary headboxes are common on [[linerboard]].

A modification to the basic Fourdrinier table by adding a second wire on top of the drainage table is known as a '''top wire former'''. The bottom and top wires converge and some drainage is up through the top wire. A top wire improves formation and also gives more drainage, which is useful for machines that have been sped up.

The '''Twin Wire Machine''' or '''Gap former''' uses two vertical wires in the forming section, thereby increasing the de-watering rate of the fibre slurry while also giving uniform two sidedness.<ref>Technology choice in a global industry : the case of the twin-wire in Canada, Ofori-Amoah, Benjamin, 1989
Thesis (Ph.D.) – Simon Fraser University, 1990, http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/6373</ref>

There are also machines with entire Fourdrinier sections mounted above a traditional Fourdrinier. This allows making multi-layer paper with special characteristics. These are called '''top Fourdriniers''' and they make multi-ply paper or [[paperboard]]. Commonly this is used for making a top layer of bleached fibre to go over an unbleached layer.

Another type forming section is the '''cylinder mould machine''' invented by [[John Dickinson (inventor)|John Dickinson]] in 1809, originally as a competitor to the Fourdrinier machine.<ref>''Paper Machine Clothing: Key to the Paper Making Process'' Sabit Adanur, Asten, CRC Press, 1997, p. 120–136, {{ISBN|978-1-56676-544-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/cylinder-machine|title=Cylinder machine {{!}} device |website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref> This machine uses a mesh-covered rotating cylinder partially immersed in a tank of fibre slurry in the wet end to form a paper web, giving a more random distribution of the [[cellulose]] fibres. Cylinder machines can form a sheet at higher consistency, which gives a more three dimensional fibre orientation than lower consistencies, resulting in higher caliper (thickness) and more stiffness in the machine direction (MD). High MD stiffness is useful in food packaging like cereal boxes and other boxes like dry laundry detergent.

'''Tissue machines''' typically form the paper web between a wire and a special fabric (felt) as they wrap around a forming roll. The web is pressed from the felt directly onto a large diameter dryer called a ''yankee''. The paper sticks to the yankee dryer and is peeled off with a scraping blade called a ''doctor''. [[Tissue paper|Tissue]] machines operate at speeds of up to 2000&nbsp;m/min.