Editing Peripatric speciation (section)

=== Species patterns on continents ===
{{multiple image|align=left |direction=vertical |width=220 |image1=Sciaphylax hemimelaena - Southern chestnut-tailed antbird (male).jpg |caption1=The southern chestnut-tailed [[antbird]], ''[[Southern chestnut-tailed antbird|Sciaphylax hemimelaena]]'' |image2=Bolivia - Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (forest isolate).png |caption2=Satellite image of the [[Noel Kempff Mercado National Park]] (outlined in green) in [[Bolivia]], [[South America]]. The white arrow indicates the location of the isolated forest fragment.}}
The occurrence of peripatry on continents is more difficult to detect due to the possibility of vicariant explanations being equally likely.<ref name="Speciation"/>{{rp|110}} However, studies concerning the Californian plant species ''[[Clarkia]] biloba'' and ''C. lingulata'' strongly suggest a peripatric origin.<ref>{{Citation |title=The origin of ''Clarkia lingulata''|author=H. Lewis & M. R. Roberts |journal=Evolution |year=1956 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=126–138 |doi=10.2307/2405888|jstor=2405888 }}</ref> In addition, a great deal of research has been conducted on several species of land snails involving [[chirality]] that suggests peripatry (with some authors noting other possible interpretations).<ref name="Speciation" />{{rp|111}}

The [[Southern chestnut-tailed antbird|chestnut-tailed antbird]] (''Sciaphylax hemimelaena'') is located within the [[Noel Kempff Mercado National Park]] (Serrania de Huanchaca) in Bolivia. Within this region exists a forest fragment estimated to have been isolated for 1000–3000 years. The population of ''S. hemimelaena'' antbirds that reside in the isolated patch express significant song divergence; thought to be an "early step" in the process of peripatric speciation. Further, peripheral isolation "may partly explain the dramatic diversification of [[Tyranni|suboscines]] in [[Amazon rainforest|Amazonia]]".<ref name="ST2007"/>

The montane spiny throated reed frog [[species complex]] (genus: ''[[Hyperolius]]'') originated through occurrences of peripatric speciation events. Lucinda P. Lawson maintains that the species' geographic ranges within the Eastern [[Afromontane]] Biodiversity Hotspot support a peripatric model that is driving speciation; suggesting that this mode of speciation may play a significant role in "highly fragmented ecosystems".<ref name="Lawson"/>

In a study of the phylogeny and biogeography of the land snail genus ''[[Monacha]]'', the species ''M. ciscaucasica'' is thought to have speciated peripatrically from a population of ''M. roseni''. In addition, ''M. claussi'' consists of a small population located on the peripheral of the much larger range of ''M. subcarthusiana'' suggesting that it also arose by peripatric speciation.<ref>{{Citation |title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the land snail genus Monacha (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae) |author=Marco T. Neiber & Bernhard Hausdorf |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=46 |issue=3 |year=2016 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12218 |s2cid=88655961 }}</ref>

{{multiple image|align=right |image1=Picea mariana cones.jpg |width1=800 |caption1=Foliage and cones of ''[[Picea mariana]]'' |image2=Picea rubens UGA5349098.jpg |width2=800 |caption2=Foliage and cones of ''[[Picea rubens]]'' |total_width=350 |height1=500 |height2=500}}
Red spruce (''[[Picea rubens]]'') has arisen from an isolated population of black spruce (''[[Picea mariana]]''). During the [[Pleistocene]], a population of black spruce became geographically isolated, likely due to [[glaciation]]. The geographic range of the black spruce is much larger than the red spruce. The red spruce has significantly lower genetic diversity in both its DNA and its [[mitochondrial DNA]] than the black spruce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Genetic diversity and population structure of red spruce (Picea rubens) |author=Gary J. Hawley & Donald H. DeHayes |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |year=1994 |volume=72 |issue=12 |pages=1778–1786 |doi=10.1139/b94-219 }}</ref><ref name="Jaramillo-Correa and Bousquet">{{Citation |title=New evidence from mitochondrial DNA of a progenitor-derivative species relationship between black and red spruce (Pinaceae) |author=Juan P. Jaramillo-Correa & Jean Bousquet |journal=American Journal of Botany |year=2003 |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=1801–1806 |doi= 10.3732/ajb.90.12.1801 |pmid=21653356}}</ref> Furthermore, the genetic variation of the red spruce has no unique mitochondrial [[haplotype]]s, only subsets of those in the black spruce; suggesting that the red spruce speciated peripatrically from the black spruce population.<ref>{{Citation |title=Cross-species amplification of mitochondrial DNA sequence-tagged-site markers in conifers: the nature of polymorphism and variation within and among species in Picea |author=J. P. Jaramillo-Correa, J. Bousquet, J. Beaulieu, N. Isabel, M. Perron, & M. Bouillé |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |year=2003 |volume=106 |issue= 8| pages=1353–1367 |doi=10.1007/s00122-002-1174-z |pmid=12750779 |s2cid=21097661 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Diverging patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA diversity in subarctic black spruce: imprint of a founder effect associated with postglacial colonization |author=Isabelle Gamache, Juan P. Jaramillo-Correa, Sergey Payette, & Jean Bousquet |journal=Molecular Ecology |year=2003 |volume=12 |issue= 4|pages=891–901 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01800.x|pmid=12753210 |bibcode=2003MolEc..12..891G |s2cid=20234158 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Evidence from sequence-tagged-site markers of a recent progenitor-derivative species pair in conifers |author=Martin Perron, Daniel J. Perry, Christophe Andalo, & Jean Bousquet |journal=PNAS |year=2000 |volume=97 |issue=21 |pages=11331–11336 |doi=10.1073/pnas.200417097|pmid=11016967 |pmc=17200 |bibcode=2000PNAS...9711331P |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is thought that the entire genus ''[[Picea]]'' in North America has diversified by the process of peripatric speciation, as numerous pairs of closely related species in the genus have smaller southern population ranges; and those with overlapping ranges often exhibit weak reproductive isolation.<ref>{{Citation |title=Species crossability in Spruce in relation to distribution and taxonomy |author=J. W. Wright|journal=Forest Science |year=1955 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=319–349 }}</ref><ref name="Jaramillo-Correa and Bousquet" />

Using a phylogeographic approach paired with [[Environmental niche modelling|ecological niche models]] (''i.e.'' prediction and identification of expansion and contraction species ranges into suitable habitats based on current [[ecological niche]]s, correlated with fossil and molecular data), researchers found that the [[prairie dog]] species ''[[Cynomys mexicanus]]'' speciated peripatrically from ''[[Cynomys ludovicianus]]'' approximately 230,000 years ago. North American glacial cycles promoted range expansion and contraction of the prairie dogs, leading to the isolation of a relic population in a [[Refugium (population biology)|refugium]] located in the present day [[Coahuila]], Mexico.<ref name=GCM2016>{{Citation |title=Peripatric speciation of an endemic species driven by Pleistocene climate change: The case of the Mexican prairie dog (''Cynomys mexicanus'') |author=Gabriela Castellanos-Morales, Niza Gámez, Reyna A. Castillo-Gámez, & Luis E. Eguiarte| journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution  |year=2016 |volume=94 |issue=Pt A|pages=171–181 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.027 |pmid=26343460|bibcode=2016MolPE..94..171C }}</ref> This distribution and [[paleobiogeography|paleobiogeographic]] pattern correlates with other species expressing similar biographic range patterns<ref name=GCM2016/> such as with the ''[[Sorex cinereus]]'' complex.<ref>{{Citation |title=A climate for speciation: Rapid spatial diversification within the ''Sorex cinereus'' complex of shrews |author=Andrew G. Hope, Kelly A. Speer, John R. Demboski, Sandra L. Talbot, & Joseph A. Cook |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |year=2012 |volume=64 |issue= 3|pages=671–684 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.021 |pmid=22652055 |bibcode=2012MolPE..64..671H }}</ref>