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===Mandarin Chinese=== PSM is frequently used in [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] borrowings.{{sfn|Zuckermann|2003b}}{{sfn|Zuckermann|2004}} An example is the [[Taiwanese Mandarin]] word {{lang|zh-Hant|威而剛}} {{transliteration|zh|wēi'érgāng}}, which literally means "powerful and hard" and refers to [[Viagra]], the drug for treating [[erectile dysfunction]] in men, manufactured by [[Pfizer]].{{sfn|Zuckermann|2003a|page=59}} Another example is the Mandarin form of [[World Wide Web]], which is {{transliteration|zh|wàn wéi wǎng}} ({{zh|s=万维网|t={{linktext|萬維網}}}}), which satisfies "www" and literally means "myriad dimensional net".<ref>See [[CEDICT]] or the [http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=translate&trst=0&trqs=World+Wide+Web&trlang=&wddmtm=0 MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary].</ref> The English word ''[[hacker (term)|hacker]]'' has been borrowed into Mandarin as {{lang|zh|{{linktext|黑客}}}} ({{transliteration|zh|hēikè}}, "dark/wicked visitor").{{sfn|Gao|2008}} [[Modern Standard Chinese]] {{lang|zh-Hans|声纳}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|聲納}} {{transliteration|zh|shēngnà}} "[[sonar]]" uses the characters {{lang|zh-Hans|声}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|聲}} {{transliteration|zh|shēng}} "sound" and {{lang|zh-Hans|纳}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|納}} {{transliteration|zh|nà}} "receive, accept". The pronunciations {{transliteration|zh|shēng}} and {{transliteration|zh|nà}} are phonetically somewhat similar to the two syllables of the English word. Chinese has a large number of homo/heterotonal homophonous morphemes, which would have been a better phonetic fit than {{transliteration|zh|shēng}}, but not nearly as good semantically{{snd}} consider the syllable ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|song}}'' (cf. {{lang|zh|送}} {{transliteration|zh|sòng}} 'deliver, carry, give (as a present)', {{lang|zh|松}} {{transliteration|zh|sōng}} 'pine; loose, slack', {{lang|zh-Hans|耸}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|聳}} {{transliteration|zh|sǒng}} 'tower; alarm, attract' etc.), ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|sou}}'' (cf. {{lang|zh|搜}} {{transliteration|zh|sōu}} 'search', {{lang|zh|叟}} {{transliteration|zh|sŏu}} 'old man', {{lang|zh-Hans|馊}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|餿}} {{transliteration|zh|sōu}} 'sour, spoiled' and many others) or ''{{lang|zh-latn-pinyin|shou}}'' (cf. {{lang|zh|收}} {{transliteration|zh|shōu}} 'receive, accept', {{lang|zh|受}} {{transliteration|zh|shòu}} 'receive, accept', {{lang|zh|手}} {{transliteration|zh|shǒu}} 'hand', {{lang|zh|首}} {{transliteration|zh|shǒu}} 'head', {{lang|zh-Hans|兽}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|獸}} {{transliteration|zh|shòu}} 'beast', {{lang|zh|瘦}} {{transliteration|zh|shòu}} 'thin' and so forth).{{sfn|Zuckermann|2003a|page=57}} According to Zuckermann, PSM in Mandarin is common in: * brand names, e.g., {{lang|zh-hans|可口可乐}}/{{lang|zh-hant|可口可樂}} {{transliteration|zh|Kěkǒu kělè}}, "[[Coca-Cola]]" translates to "tasty [and] entertaining",<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXQWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT84|title = Terminology Translation in Chinese Contexts: Theory and Practice|isbn = 9781000357103|last1 = Li|first1 = Saihong|last2 = Hope|first2 = William|date = 22 February 2021| publisher=Routledge }}</ref> {{lang|zh-hans|可乐}}/{{lang|zh-hant|可樂}} itself genericised to refer to any [[cola]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/可樂#Noun |script-title = zh:可樂 - Wiktionary| date=24 April 2021 }}</ref> * computer [[jargon]], e.g., the aforementioned word for "World Wide Web". * technological terms, e.g., the aforementioned word for "sonar". * [[toponyms]], e.g., the name {{lang|zh-hans|白俄罗斯}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|白俄羅斯}} {{transliteration|zh|Bái'èluósī}}, "[[Belarus]]" combines the word {{lang|zh|白}} {{transliteration|zh|Bái}}, "White" with the name {{lang|zh-hans|俄罗斯}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|俄羅斯}} {{transliteration|zh|Èluósī}}, "[[Russia]]", therefore meaning "White Russia" just like the endonym "{{lang|be|Белару́сь}}". From a monolingual Chinese view, Mandarin PSM is the 'lesser evil' compared with Latin script (in [[digraphic]] writing) or [[code-switching]] (in speech). Zuckermann's exploration of PSM in Standard Chinese and [[Meiji-period]] [[Japanese language|Japanese]] concludes that the [[Written Chinese|Chinese writing system]] is multifunctional: '''pleremic''' ("full" of meaning, e.g., [[logographic]]), '''cenemic''' ("empty" of [[Meaning (linguistics)|meaning]], e.g., phonographic - like a [[syllabary]]), and '''phono-logographic''' (simultaneously cenemic and pleremic). Zuckermann argues that [[Leonard Bloomfield]]'s assertion that "a language is the same no matter what system of writing may be used"{{sfn|Bloomfield|1933}} is inaccurate. "If Chinese had been written [[romanization of Chinese|using roman letters]], thousands of Chinese words would not have been coined, or would have been coined with completely different forms".{{sfn|Zuckermann|2003a|page=255}} Evidence of this can be seen in the [[Dungan language]], a Chinese language that is closely related to Mandarin, but written phonetically in [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], where words are directly borrowed, often from Russian, without PSM.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Mair | first = Victor | author-link = Victor H. Mair | title = Implications of the Soviet Dungan Script for Chinese Language Reform | journal = Sino-Platonic Papers | issue = 18 | date = May 1990 | url = http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/dungan.html}}</ref> A related practice is the [[Transcription into Chinese characters#Translating names|translation of Western names into Chinese characters]].
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