Editing Plankton (section)

==Other groups==

===Gelatinous zooplankton===
[[File:Jellyfish swarm.jpg|thumb|upright=1|left| Jellyfish are gelatinous zooplankton.<ref name=Hays2018>{{cite journal |doi = 10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.001|title = A Paradigm Shift in the Trophic Importance of Jellyfish?|year = 2018|last1 = Hays|first1 = Graeme C.|last2 = Doyle|first2 = Thomas K.|last3 = Houghton|first3 = Jonathan D.R.|journal = Trends in Ecology & Evolution|volume = 33|issue = 11|pages = 874–884|pmid = 30245075| bibcode=2018TEcoE..33..874H |s2cid = 52336522|url = https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/a-paradigm-shift-in-the-trophic-importance-of-jellyfish(6158fa15-32f8-4167-9574-dbc08266b588).html|author1-link = Graeme Hays}}</ref>]]
{{main|Gelatinous zooplankton}}

[[Gelatinous zooplankton]] are fragile animals that live in the water column in the ocean. Their delicate bodies have no hard parts and are easily damaged or destroyed.<ref>{{aut|Lalli, C.M. & Parsons, T.R.}} (2001) ''Biological Oceanography''. Butterworth-Heinemann.</ref> Gelatinous zooplankton are often transparent.<ref>{{aut|Johnsen, S.}} (2000) Transparent Animals. ''Scientific American'' '''282''': 62–71.</ref> All [[jellyfish]] are gelatinous zooplankton, but not all gelatinous zooplankton are jellyfish. The most commonly encountered organisms include [[ctenophore]]s, [[Jellyfish|medusae]], [[salps]], and [[Chaetognatha]] in coastal waters. However, almost all marine phyla, including [[Annelida]], [[Mollusca]] and [[Arthropoda]], contain gelatinous species, but many of those odd species live in the open ocean and the deep sea and are less available to the casual ocean observer.<ref>{{aut|Nouvian, C.}} (2007) ''The Deep''. University of Chicago Press.</ref>

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===Ichthyoplankton===
{{main|Ichthyoplankton}}
[[File:Salmonlarvakils 2.jpg|thumb|Salmon egg hatching into a ''sac fry''. In a few days, the sac fry will absorb the yolk sac and start feeding on smaller plankton.]]

[[Ichthyoplankton]] are the [[Fish eggs|eggs]] and [[larvae]] of fish. They are mostly found in the sunlit zone of the [[water column]], less than 200 metres deep, which is sometimes called the [[epipelagic]] or [[photic zone]]. Ichthyoplankton are [[planktonic]], meaning they cannot swim effectively under their own power, but must drift with the ocean currents. Fish eggs cannot swim at all, and are unambiguously planktonic. Early stage larvae swim poorly, but later stage larvae swim better and cease to be planktonic as they grow into [[Juvenile fish|juveniles]]. Fish larvae are part of the [[zooplankton]] that eat smaller plankton, while fish eggs carry their food supply. Both eggs and larvae are themselves eaten by larger animals.<ref name=NOAA>[http://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.aspx?Division=FRD&id=6210 What are Ichthyoplankton?] Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA. Modified 3 September 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2011.</ref><ref name=Moser2006>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qdzg0Vfql2sC&pg=PA269|title = The Ecology of Marine Fishes: California and Adjacent Waters|pages = 269–319|isbn = 9780520932470|last1 = Allen|first1 = Dr. Larry G.|last2 = Horn|first2 = Dr. Michael H.|date = 15 February 2005| publisher=University of California Press }}</ref> Fish can produce high numbers of eggs which are often released into the open water column. Fish eggs typically have a diameter of about {{convert|1|mm}}. The newly hatched young of oviparous fish are called [[larva]]e. They are usually poorly formed, carry a large [[yolk sac]] (for nourishment), and are very different in appearance from juvenile and adult specimens. The larval period in oviparous fish is relatively short (usually only several weeks), and larvae rapidly grow and change appearance and structure (a process termed [[metamorphosis]]) to become juveniles. During this transition larvae must switch from their yolk sac to feeding on [[zooplankton]] prey, a process which depends on typically inadequate zooplankton density, starving many larvae. In time fish larvae become able to swim against currents, at which point they cease to be plankton and become [[juvenile fish]].

===Holoplankton===
{{main|Holoplankton}}
[[File:Tomopteriskils.jpg|thumb|left| ''[[Tomopteris]]'', a holoplanktic [[bioluminescence]] [[polychaete]] worm<ref>{{cite book | author = Harvey, Edmund Newton | title = Bioluminescence | publisher = Academic Press | year = 1952 }}</ref>]]

[[Holoplankton]] are organisms that are planktic for their entire life cycle. Holoplankton can be contrasted with [[meroplankton]], which are planktic organisms that spend part of their life cycle in the [[benthic zone]]. Examples of holoplankton include some [[diatom]]s, [[radiolarian]]s, some [[dinoflagellate]]s, [[foraminifera]], [[amphipod]]s, [[krill]], [[copepod]]s, and [[salp]]s, as well as some [[gastropod]] mollusk species. Holoplankton dwell in the [[pelagic zone]] as opposed to the [[benthic zone]].<ref name=Anderson>{{cite web|last=Anderson|first=Genny|title=Marine Plankton|url=http://marinebio.net/marinescience/03ecology/mlplankton.htm|work=Marine Science|access-date=2012-04-04}}</ref> Holoplankton include both [[phytoplankton]] and [[zooplankton]] and vary in size. The most common plankton are [[protist]]s.<ref name=Talks>{{cite web|last=Talks|first=Ted|title=Zooplankton|url=http://marinebio.org/oceans/zooplankton.asp|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20171207180052/https://marinebio.org/oceans/zooplankton/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-12-07|work=Marine Life/Marine Invertebrates|access-date=2012-04-04}}</ref>

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===Meroplankton===
[[File:Larva de phyllosoma.jpg|thumb|right| {{center|[[Phyllosoma|Larva stage]] of a spiny lobster}}]]
{{main|Meroplankton}}

[[Meroplankton]] are a wide variety of aquatic organisms that have both planktonic and [[Benthic zone|benthic]] stages in their life cycles. Much of the meroplankton consists of [[larva]]l stages of larger organisms.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Stübner|first1=E. I.|last2=Søreide|first2=J. E.|date=2016-01-27|title=Year-round meroplankton dynamics in high-Arctic Svalbard|url=https://academic.oup.com/plankt/article/38/3/522/2223522|journal=Journal of Plankton Research|volume=38|issue=3|pages=522–536|doi=10.1093/plankt/fbv124|doi-access=free}}</ref> Meroplankton can be contrasted with [[holoplankton]], which are planktonic organisms that stay in the [[pelagic zone]] as plankton throughout their entire life cycle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plankton|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/plankton|access-date=2020-06-13|website=Britannica}}</ref> After some time in the plankton, many meroplankton graduate to the [[nekton]] or adopt a [[benthos|benthic]] (often [[Sessility (zoology)|sessile]]) lifestyle on the [[seafloor]]. The larval stages of benthic [[invertebrate]]s make up a significant proportion of planktonic communities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ershova|first1=E. A.|last2=Descoteaux|first2=R.|date=2019-08-13|title=Diversity and Distribution of Meroplanktonic Larvae in the Pacific Arctic and Connectivity With Adult Benthic Invertebrate Communities|journal=Frontiers in Marine Science|volume=6|doi=10.3389/fmars.2019.00490|s2cid=199638114|doi-access=free|hdl=10037/16483|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The planktonic larval stage is particularly crucial to many benthic invertebrates in order to [[Dispersal vector|disperse]] their young. Depending on the particular species and the environmental conditions, larval or juvenile-stage meroplankton may remain in the pelagic zone for durations ranging from hours to months.<ref name=":0" />

===Pseudoplankton===
{{main|Pseudoplankton}}

[[Pseudoplankton]] are organisms that attach themselves to planktonic organisms or other floating objects, such as drifting wood, [[buoyant]] shells of organisms such as ''[[Spirula]]'', or man-made [[flotsam]]. Examples include [[goose barnacle]]s and the bryozoan ''[[Jellyella]]''. By themselves these animals cannot [[Buoyancy|float]], which contrasts them with true planktonic organisms, such as ''[[Velella]]'' and the [[Portuguese Man o' War]], which are buoyant. Pseudoplankton are often found in the guts of filtering [[Zooplankton|zooplankters]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Coral Reef Ecology|first=Yuri I. |last=Sorokin|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|date=12 March 2013|page=96|isbn=9783642800467 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKvrCAAAQBAJ}}</ref>

===Tychoplankton===
{{main|Tychoplankton}}

[[Tychoplankton]] are organisms, such as free-living or attached [[Benthos|benthic organism]]s and other non-planktonic organisms, that are carried into the plankton through a disturbance of their benthic habitat, or by winds and currents.<ref name=Margulis_2009>{{cite book|last1=Chapman|first1=Michael J. | first2=Lynn | last2=Margulis | author-link=Lynn Margulis|title=Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth|url=https://archive.org/details/fivekingdomsillu00marg_711|url-access=limited|year=2009|publisher=Academic Press/Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0123736215|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fivekingdomsillu00marg_711/page/n619 566]|edition=[4th ed.].}}</ref> This can occur by direct [[turbulence]] or by disruption of the substrate and subsequent entrainment in the water column.<ref name=Margulis_2009/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediabiol00simb |title=Encyclopedia of biological invasions |publisher=University of California Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0520264212 |editor-last=Simberloff |editor-first=Daniel |location=Berkeley |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediabiol00simb/page/n760 736] |editor-last2=Rejmanek |editor-first2=Marcel |url-access=limited}}</ref> Tychoplankton are, therefore, a primary subdivision for sorting planktonic organisms by duration of lifecycle spent in the plankton, as neither their entire lives nor particular reproductive portions are confined to planktonic existence.<ref name=Kennish_2003>{{cite book|editor-last=Kennish|editor-first=Michael J.|title=Estuarine Research, Monitoring, and Resource Protection|year=2004|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Fla.|isbn=978-0849319600|pages=194|url=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/0849319609|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130120014208/http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/0849319609|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-20}}</ref> Tychoplankton are sometimes called ''accidental plankton''.

===Mineralized plankton===
{{See also|protist shells|biomineralization}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Some planktons are protected with mineralized shells or [[Test (biology)|tests]]." style="float:left">
File:Diatom Helipelta metil.jpg|[[Diatom]]s have glass shells ([[frustule]]s) and produce much of the world's oxygen.
File:Haeckel Spumellaria detail.png| The elaborate [[silica]] shells of microscopic [[marine radiolarian]]s can eventually produce [[opal]]. 
File:Coccolithus pelagicus.jpg| [[Coccolithophore]]s have [[chalk]] plates called [[coccoliths]], and produced the [[Cliffs of Dover]].
File:Cwall99 lg.jpg| Planktonic [[algae bloom]] of [[coccolithophore]]s off the southern coast of England
File:Planktic Foraminifera of the northern Gulf of Mexico.jpg| [[Foraminiferan]]s have [[calcium carbonate]] shells and produced the [[limestone]] in the [[Great Pyramids]].
</gallery>

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