Editing Polygraph (section)

===Europe===
In a majority of [[Europe]]an jurisdictions, polygraphs are generally considered to be unreliable for gathering evidence, and are usually not used by local law enforcement agencies. Polygraph testing is widely seen in Europe to violate [[Right to silence|the right to remain silent]].<ref name=Koppen2017>{{cite book|last1=Meijer|first1=Ewout H|last2=van Koppen|first2=Peter J|editor1-last=Canter|editor1-first=David|editor2-last=Žukauskiene|editor2-first=Rita|title=Psychology and Law : Bridging the Gap|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1351907873|chapter=Chapter 3. Lie Detectors and the Law: The Use of the Polygraph in Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4VJBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT62}}</ref>{{rp|62ff}}

In [[England and Wales]] a polygraph test can be taken, but the results cannot be used in a court of law to prove a case.<ref>{{cite news |title=How widely are lie detectors used in the UK? |work=BBC News |date=29 June 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48775614 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> However, the [[Offender Management Act 2007]] put in place an option to use polygraph tests to monitor serious sex offenders on parole in England and Wales;<ref>{{cite web | author-link= Wendy M. Grossman |last1=Grossman |first1=Wendy |title=Letter to America: The Black Box that Wouldn't Die |date=25 August 2020 |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/letter-to-america-the-black-box-that-wouldnt-die/|magazine=[[Skeptical Inquirer]]|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> these tests became compulsory in 2014 for high risk sexual offenders currently on parole in England and Wales.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bowcott |first1=Owen |title=Lie detector tests introduced to monitor released sex offenders |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/aug/08/lie-detector-polygraph-tests-introduced-monitor-sex-offenders |work=The Guardian |date=8 August 2014 |access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of Poland]] declared on January 29, 2015, that the use of polygraph in interrogation of suspects is forbidden by the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure. Its use might be allowed though if the suspect has been already accused of a crime and if the interrogated person consents of the use of a polygraph. Even then, the use of polygraph can never be used as a substitute of actual evidence.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-30|title=SN: tylko bez wariografu w przesłuchaniu I KZP 25/14|url=https://czasopismo.legeartis.org/2015/01/sad-najwyzszy-przeciwko-wariografowi/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Czasopismo Lege Artis|language=pl-PL}}</ref>

As of 2017, the justice ministry and Supreme Court of both of the [[Netherlands]] and [[Germany]] had rejected use of polygraphs.<ref name=Koppen2017/>{{rp|62ff}}<ref>Bundesgerichtshof: Entscheidungen vom 17.12.1998, 1 StR 156/98, 1 StR 258/98</ref>

According to the 2017 book ''Psychology and Law: Bridging the Gap'' by psychologists [[David Canter]] and Rita Žukauskienė [[Belgium]] was the European country with the most prevalent use of polygraph testing by police, with about 300 polygraphs carried out each year in the course of police investigations. The results are not considered viable evidence in bench trials, but have been used in jury trials.<ref name=Koppen2017/>{{rp|62ff}}

In [[Lithuania]], "polygraphs have been in use since 1992",<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saldžiūnas |first1=Vitas  |last2=Kovalenko |first2=Aleksandras |date=2008| title=The Event Knowledge Test (EKT) |url=https://repozytorium.ka.edu.pl/bitstream/handle/11315/24938/SALDZIUNAS_The_event_knowledge_test_2008.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y |journal=European Polygraph |volume=1 |issue=3 |page=21}}</ref> with law enforcement utilizing the Event Knowledge Test (a "modification"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saldžiūnas |first1=Vitas  |last2=Kovalenko |first2=Aleksandras  |date=2015 |title=Selecting the Most Optimal Conditions for the Polygraph Examination |url=https://www.polygraph.pl/vol/2015-2/european-polygraph-2015-no2-saldziunas-kovalenka.pdf |journal=European Polygraph |volume=9 |issue=2 (32) |page=70 |doi=10.1515/ep-2015-0003|s2cid=148000927 }}</ref> of the Concealed Information Test) in criminal investigations.