Editing Poutine (section)

==Social mobility and appropriation==
The social status of poutine has evolved dramatically since its origins in rural Quebec in the 1950s. The dish was long mocked as a culinary invention and used as a means of stigmatization by non-Québécois against Quebec society to reduce its legitimacy.<ref name="mauditepoutine"/>{{rp|74–109}}<ref name="poutinedynamics" /> While the first generations that suffered from the poutine stigma opted to disidentify from the dish, younger people in Quebec began to reappropriate poutine as a symbol of Quebecois cultural pride.<ref name="poutinedynamics" /><ref name="mauditepoutine"/>{{rp|74–109}} Today, the dish is celebrated in many annual poutine festivals in Quebec,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://festivaldelapoutine.com/|title=Accueil – Half Moon Run, Les Trois Accords, Alex Nevsky, Les Soeurs Boulay, Fred Fortin, Kevin Parent|work=Festival de la poutine de Drummondville|access-date=22 September 2017|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929230232/http://festivaldelapoutine.com/|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapoutineweek.com/|title=Découvrez des poutines incroyables! – La Poutine Week|website=lapoutineweek.com|language=fr|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924175113/http://lapoutineweek.com/|archive-date=24 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> the rest of Canada,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smokespoutinerie.com/wpec/|title=World Poutine Eating Championship – Smoke's Poutinerie|website=smokespoutinerie.com|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922051937/http://smokespoutinerie.com/wpec/|archive-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ottawapoutinefest.ca/|title=Ottawa PoutineFest|website=ottawapoutinefest.ca|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914002239/http://ottawapoutinefest.ca/|archive-date=14 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhpoutinefest.com/|title=NH PoutineFest 2017 – Live Free and Eat Poutine!|website=nhpoutinefest.com|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326104410/http://www.nhpoutinefest.com/|archive-date=26 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="KnightFest"/>

The evolution of the different symbols associated with poutine was first studied in ''Maudite Poutine!'' by Charles-Alexandre Théorêt.<ref name="mauditepoutine"/> Théorêt revisited many of these stigmas in an interview given at [[Tout le monde en parle (Quebec)|''Tout le monde en parle'']] on 11 November 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhpet1t4y2U|title=Maudite poutine (partie 1 de 2)|last=mapoutineca|date=12 March 2010|via=YouTube|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104225444/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhpet1t4y2U|archive-date=4 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

As poutine gained popularity beyond the provincial borders of Quebec in the mid-2000s, the dish gradually stopped being mocked and was eventually introduced into the popular discourse as a symbol of Canadian identity.<ref name="poutinedynamics" /> Today, the dish is often presented as being a part of Canadian cuisine, even as Canada's national dish.<ref name="poutinedynamics" /> Nicolas Fabien-Ouellet suggested in the peer-reviewed journal ''CuiZine'' that this "Canadization" of poutine constitutes [[cultural appropriation]].<ref name="poutinedynamics" /><ref name="CharleboisPoutine"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://poutinepundit.wordpress.com/faq/|title=*FAQ*|date=3 December 2009|work=The Poutine Pundit|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923002256/https://poutinepundit.wordpress.com/faq/|archive-date=23 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ForsterStealing"/>{{efn|Fabien-Ouellet has given many talks about the Canadianization and cultural appropriation of poutine, notably in ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Culture War Over Beloved Dish Grips Quebec|author=Dan Bilefsky|pages=A4|date=20 December 2017|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/19/todayspaper/quotation-of-the-day-culture-war-over-poutine-grips-quebec.html|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922025127/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/19/todayspaper/quotation-of-the-day-culture-war-over-poutine-grips-quebec.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[National Post]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=The dark side of poutine: Canada taking credit for Quebec dish amounts to cultural appropriation, academic says|newspaper=National Post|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/the-dark-side-of-poutine-canada-taking-credit-for-quebec-dish-amounts-to-cultural-appropriation-academic-says|date=28 May 2017|access-date=19 September 2017|last1=Edmiston|first1=Jake|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017191842/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/the-dark-side-of-poutine-canada-taking-credit-for-quebec-dish-amounts-to-cultural-appropriation-academic-says|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Poutine politique : frites, sauce, fromage avec appropriation culturelle en accompagnement|work=Vice |date=31 May 2017|url=https://www.vice.com/fr/article/poutine-politique-frites-sauce-fromage-avec-appropriation-culturelle-en-accompagnement/|agency=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|language=fr-ca|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925231444/https://www.vice.com/fr_ca/article/wjqeyy/poutine-politique-frites-sauce-fromage-avec-appropriation-culturelle-en-accompagnement|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Société Radio-Canada|Radio-Canada]],<ref>{{cite web|title=La poutine, symbole d'appropriation culturelle canadienne ? {{!}} Gravel le matin|url=http://ici.radio-canada.ca/premiere/emissions/gravel-le-matin/segments/entrevue/25735/poutine-appropriation-canada-quebec?isAutoPlay=1|language=fr-ca|date=30 May 2017|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923031255/http://ici.radio-canada.ca/premiere/emissions/gravel-le-matin/segments/entrevue/25735/poutine-appropriation-canada-quebec?isAutoPlay=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Poutine et appropriation culturelle : débat enflammé… et délicieux|url=http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1037956/appropriation-culturelle-culinaire|last=Lizotte|first=Cédric|website=Radio-Canada.ca|language=fr-ca|date=6 June 2017|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923003117/http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1037956/appropriation-culturelle-culinaire|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Global News: BC 1]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada is culturally appropriating poutine from Quebec: academic|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/3491972/canada-is-culturally-appropriating-poutine-from-quebec-academic/|author=Rachel Lau|date=1 June 2017|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170603124457/http://globalnews.ca/news/3491972/canada-is-culturally-appropriating-poutine-from-quebec-academic/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{nobr|CHOI 98.1}} {{nobr|Radio X}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Est-ce que les MÉCHANTS canadiens se sont approprié la poutine ?!!|url=https://radiox.com/contenu/est-ce-que-les-m%C3%A9chants-canadiens-se-sont-appropri%C3%A9-la-poutine|language=fr-CA|date=30 May 2017|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718192255/https://radiox.com/contenu/est-ce-que-les-m%C3%A9chants-canadiens-se-sont-appropri%C3%A9-la-poutine|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{nobr|ENERGIE 98.9}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Nicolas Fabien Ouellet 'La Poutine'|url=https://soundcloud.com/commission-gendron/nicolas-fabien-ouellet-la-poutine|author=La commission Gendron|agency={{nobr|ENERGIE 98.9}}|language=fr|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114201745/https://soundcloud.com/commission-gendron/nicolas-fabien-ouellet-la-poutine|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Vermont Public Radio]],<ref>{{cite web|title=UVM Student Examines Cultural Appropriation Of Poutine|url=http://digital.vpr.net/post/uvm-student-examines-cultural-appropriation-poutine#stream/0|last=Lindholm|first=Jane|author-link=Jane Lindholm|date=6 June 2017|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923050700/http://digital.vpr.net/post/uvm-student-examines-cultural-appropriation-poutine#stream/0|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[HuffPost]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=La poutine est victime d'appropriation culturelle au Canada anglais, affirme un chercheur|url=http://quebec.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/05/29/la-poutine-est-victime-dappropriation-culturelle-affirme-un-chercheur_n_16870902.html|language=fr-CA|date=29 May 2017|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181337/http://quebec.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/05/29/la-poutine-est-victime-dappropriation-culturelle-affirme-un-chercheur_n_16870902.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[La Presse (Montréal)|La Presse]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Canada s'est-il approprié la poutine du Québec ? {{!}} Ian Bussières {{!}} Société|url=http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/actualites/societe/201705/29/01-5102451-le-canada-sest-il-approprie-la-poutine-du-quebec.php|language=fr-CA|date=29 May 2017|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925225753/http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/actualites/societe/201705/29/01-5102451-le-canada-sest-il-approprie-la-poutine-du-quebec.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[Le Journal de Montréal]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Canada accusé de s'approprier la poutine|url=http://www.journaldemontreal.com/2017/05/29/le-canada-accuse-de-sapproprier-la-poutine|last=Lacroix|first=Antoine|language=fr-CA|date=29 May 2017|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925185903/http://www.journaldemontreal.com/2017/05/29/le-canada-accuse-de-sapproprier-la-poutine|url-status=live}}</ref>}} This appropriation is not linked to its preparation or consumption outside Quebec, but strictly to its presentation as a Canadian dish instead of a Québécois dish.<ref name="poutinedynamics" /><ref name="ButterfieldAppropriation" /><ref name="LauAppropriating" /><ref name="DeSoucey2020" /> Fabien-Ouellet explains:

{{blockquote|as soon as a Quebec cultural trait begins to be appreciated internationally, it begins to be identified as typically Canadian, this prevents Quebec culture from shining, and becomes part of absorption and assimilation processes. All this is reminiscent of the reasons why [[Cajun cuisine]] is differentiated in the US context.<ref>{{cite web|title=Appropriation culturelle de la poutine : réponse de l'auteur|url=http://quebec.huffingtonpost.ca/nicolas-fabien-ouellet/appropriation-culturelle-poutine_b_16969436.html|author=Nicolas Fabien-Ouellet|language=fr|date=6 June 2017|access-date=2017-09-19|archive-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181101/http://quebec.huffingtonpost.ca/nicolas-fabien-ouellet/appropriation-culturelle-poutine_b_16969436.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}