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Predatory pricing
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====Industry-specific rules==== Craswell and Fratrik suggest that establishing a legal standard to detect predatory pricing in the retail industry is unnecessary and should not amount to an antitrust violation. The primary reasoning was that predatory pricing typically requires strong barriers to entry to generate profits in the long run, which are absent in the retail grocery industry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Craswell |first=Richard |last2=Fratrik |first2=Mark |date=1985-01-01 |title=Predatory Pricing Theory Applied: The Case of Supermarkets vs. Warehouse Stores |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev/vol36/iss1/3/ |journal=Case Western Reserve Law Review |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=1 |issn=0008-7262}}</ref> When low-cost warehouse stores enter the market, supermarkets often reduce their prices to eliminate this competition or discourage them from expansion. However, Craswell and Fratrik suggest that this may not be predatory pricing, but rather incumbent firms engaging in non-predatory price cuts required for ordinary competition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Craswell |first=Richard |last2=Fratrik |first2=Mark |date=1985-01-01 |title=Predatory Pricing Theory Applied: The Case of Supermarkets vs. Warehouse Stores |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev/vol36/iss1/3/ |journal=Case Western Reserve Law Review |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=1 |issn=0008-7262}}</ref>
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