Editing Programming paradigm (section)

=== Other paradigms ===

[[Symbolic programming]] is a paradigm that describes programs able to manipulate formulas and program components as data.<ref name="symbolic-programming-lisp"/> Programs can thus effectively modify themselves, and appear to "learn", making them suited for applications such as [[artificial intelligence]], [[expert system]]s, [[natural-language processing]] and computer games. Languages that support this paradigm include [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]] and [[Prolog]].<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.allbusiness.com/glossaries/symbolic-programming/4950308-1.html
 |title=Business glossary: Symbolic programming definition
 |access-date=2014-07-30
 |website=allbusiness.com
}}</ref>

[[Differentiable programming]] structures programs so that they can be [[Differentiation (mathematics)|differentiated]] throughout, usually via [[automatic differentiation]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Wang|first1=Fei|title=Backpropagation with Callbacks: Foundations for Efficient and Expressive Differentiable Programming|date=2018|url=http://papers.nips.cc/paper/8221-backpropagation-with-callbacks-foundations-for-efficient-and-expressive-differentiable-programming.pdf|work=Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31|pages=10201–10212|editor-last=Bengio|editor-first=S.|publisher=Curran Associates, Inc.|access-date=2019-02-13|last2=Decker|first2=James|last3=Wu|first3=Xilun|last4=Essertel|first4=Gregory|last5=Rompf|first5=Tiark|editor2-last=Wallach|editor2-first=H.|editor3-last=Larochelle|editor3-first=H.|editor4-last=Grauman|editor4-first=K.}}</ref><ref name="innes">{{Cite journal|last1=Innes|first1=Mike|date=2018|title=On Machine Learning and Programming Languages|url=http://www.sysml.cc/doc/37.pdf|journal=SysML Conference 2018|access-date=2019-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920175619/http://www.sysml.cc/doc/37.pdf|archive-date=2018-09-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Literate programming]], as a form of [[imperative programming]], structures programs as a human-centered web, as in a [[hypertext]] essay: documentation is integral to the program, and the program is structured following the logic of prose exposition, rather than compiler convenience.

[[Symbolic programming]] techniques such as [[reflective programming]] (reflection), which allow a program to refer to itself, might also be considered as a programming paradigm. However, this is compatible with the major paradigms and thus is not a real paradigm in its own right.