Editing Promiscuity (section)

==Other animals==
{{Further|Animal sexual behaviour|Extra-pair copulation}}

Some researchers have suggested that the practice of referring to animals as promiscuous in reference to their mating system is often inaccurate and potentially biased. More precise terms such as [[Polyandry in animals|polyandry]], [[Polygyny in animals|polygyny]], and [[polygynandry]] are increasingly preferred.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1186/1742-9994-10-66| issn = 1742-9994| volume = 10| issue = 1| pages = 66| last1 = Elgar| first1 = Mark A.| last2 = Jones| first2 = Therésa M.| last3 = McNamara| first3 = Kathryn B.| title = Promiscuous words| journal = Frontiers in Zoology| date = 2013-11-08| doi-access = free| pmid = 24209457| pmc = 3828398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/icb/icae138| issn = 1540-7063| volume = 64| issue = 6| pages = 1717–1733| last1 = Baker| first1 = Zoe| last2 = Hayssen| first2 = Virginia| title = A Practical Guide to Avoiding Biased Communication in Reproductive Biology| journal = Integrative and Comparative Biology| access-date = 2025-01-02| date = 2024-12-01| pmid = 39138061| pmc = 11659675| url = https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icae138}}</ref>

Many animal species, such as [[spotted hyena]]s,<ref name="courtship">{{cite journal | last1 = Szykman | first1 = M. | last2 = Van Horn | first2 = R. C. | last3 = Engh | first3 = A.L. | last4 = Boydston | first4 = E. E. | last5 = Holekamp |first5=K. E. | year = 2007 | title = Courtship and mating in free-living spotted hyenas | url = http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~bowles/Dominance/Papers/SzykmanetalHyenaMatingBehaviour2007.pdf | journal = Behaviour | volume = 144 | issue = 7 | pages = 815–846 | doi = 10.1163/156853907781476418 | bibcode = 2007Behav.144..815S | citeseerx = 10.1.1.630.5755 | access-date = 24 December 2011 | archive-date = 30 November 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121130193631/http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~bowles/Dominance/Papers/SzykmanetalHyenaMatingBehaviour2007.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Pig|pigs]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Birkhead |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3i4Q8SvohfEC&pg=PA103 |title=Promiscuity: An Evolutionary History of Sperm Competition |date=2000 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-00666-9 |language=en}}</ref> [[bonobo]]s<ref>{{cite journal|title=Bonobo Sex and Society |last=de Waal |first=Frans B. M. |author-link=Frans de Waal |journal=[[Scientific American]] |date=March 1995 |volume=272 |issue=3 |pages=58–64 |url=http://www.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de/uploads/media/Bonobo_sex_01.pdf |access-date=21 December 2011 |bibcode=1995SciAm.272c..82W |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0395-82 |pmid=7871411 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127051545/http://www.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de/uploads/media/Bonobo_sex_01.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2012 }}</ref> and [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]]s, are promiscuous as a rule, and do not form [[pair bond]]s. Although social monogamy occurs in about 90% of avian species and about 3% of [[mammal]]ian species, an estimated 90% of socially monogamous species exhibit individual promiscuity in the form of [[extra-pair copulations|copulation outside the pair bond]].<ref name="Barash Lipton 2001">{{cite book |last1=Lipton |first1=Judith Eve |last2=Barash |first2=David P. |title=The Myth of Monogamy: Fidelity and Infidelity in Animals and People |publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company |location=San Francisco |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7167-4004-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716740049 }}</ref><ref name="Reichard 2002">{{cite journal|last1=Reichard |first1=U.H. |title=Monogamy—A variable relationship |journal=Max Planck Research |volume=3 |pages=62–7 |year=2002 |url=http://www.mpg.de/1028786/W001_Biology-Medicine_062_067.pdf |access-date=24 April 2013 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311080753/http://www.mpg.de/1028786/W001_Biology-Medicine_062_067.pdf |archive-date=March 11, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Gowaty Morell 1998">Research conducted by [[Patricia Adair Gowaty]]. Reported by {{cite journal |last1=Morell |first1=V. |year=1998 |title=Evolution of sex: A new look at monogamy |journal=Science |volume=281 |pages=1982–1983 |issue=5385 |doi=10.1126/science.281.5385.1982 |pmid=9767050|s2cid=31391458 }}</ref>

In the animal world, some species, including birds such as [[swan]]s and fish such as ''[[Neolamprologus pulcher]]'', once believed [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]], are now known to engage in [[extra-pair copulation]]s. One example of extra-pair fertilization (EPF) in birds is the [[black-throated blue warbler]]s. Though it is a socially monogamous species, both males and females engage in EPF.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chuang |first1=H.C. |last2=Webster |first2=M.S. |last3=Holmes |first3=R.T. |title=Extrapair Paternity and Local Synchrony in the Black-Throated Blue Warbler |journal=The Auk |year=1999 |volume=116 |series=3 |pages=726–736 |doi=10.2307/4089333 |issue=3|jstor=4089333 }}</ref>

The Darwin-Bateman paradigm, which states that males are typically eager to copulate while females are more choosy about whom to mate with, has been confirmed by a [[meta-analysis]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Darwinian sex roles confirmed across the animal kingdom|first1=Tim|last1=Janicke|first2=Ines K.|last2=Häderer|first3=Marc J.|last3=Lajeunesse|first4=Nils|last4=Anthes|date=1 February 2016|journal=Science Advances|volume=2|issue=2|pages=e1500983|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1500983|pmid=26933680|pmc=4758741|bibcode=2016SciA....2E0983J}}</ref> There is, however, continued debate about the utility and pitfalls of the Bateman perspective.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.08.010| issn = 0003-3472| volume = 168| pages = –5–e9| last = Hoquet| first = Thierry| title = Bateman's principles: why biology needs history and philosophy| journal = Animal Behaviour| access-date = 2025-01-02| date = 2020-10-01| url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347220302438}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.12.008| issn = 0003-3472| volume = 164| pages = 223–231| last = Hoquet| first = Thierry| title = Bateman (1948): rise and fall of a paradigm?| journal = Animal Behaviour| access-date = 2025-01-02| date = 2020-06-01| url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347219303975}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.04.020| issn = 0003-3472| volume = 168| pages = –1–e4| last = Morimoto| first = Juliano| title = Bateman (1948): was it all wrong? A comment on Hoquet (2020)| journal = Animal Behaviour| access-date = 2025-01-02| date = 2020-10-01| url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347220301214| url-access = subscription}}</ref>