Editing Protestant work ethic (section)

=== Modern effect===
A 2021 study argues that the values represented by the Protestant ethic as developed by Max Weber are not exclusively related to Protestantism but to the modernization phase of economic development. Weber observed this phase of development in areas dominated by Protestants at the time of his observations. From these observations, he concludes that a worldly asceticism consisting of a preference for work and a sober life are associated with Protestantism. However Dutch management economists Annemiek Schilpzand and Eelke de Jong argue that this value pattern is associated with the modernization phase of a region's economic development and thus, in principle, can be found for any religion or for non-religious persons.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schilpzand |first1=Annemiek |last2=de Jong |first2=Eelke |title=Work ethic and economic development: An investigation into Weber's thesis |journal=[[European Journal of Political Economy]] |date=2021 |volume=66 |pages=101958 |doi=10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101958 |doi-access=free}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}
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A 2013 study of 44 European countries found that religious heritage of countries explains half of the between-country variation in Europe in Work Ethic, more than modernity, while factors such as income, education, religion and (in another study) secularization explain relatively little. However, the study showed that Protestant heritage was actually the least correlated with a strong work ethic, with Muslim, then Orthodox, then Catholic heritages being the strongest.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stam |first1=Kirsten |last2=Verbakel |first2=Ellen |last3=De Graaf |first3=Paul M. |title=EXPLAINING VARIATION IN WORK ETHIC IN EUROPE: Religious heritage rather than modernisation, the welfare state and communism |journal=European Societies |date=May 2013 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=268–289 |doi=10.1080/14616696.2012.726734|s2cid=145191240 |hdl=2066/121612 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

A 2009 study of 32 mainly developed countries found no difference in ''work ethic'' between Catholics and Protestants, after correcting for demographic and country effects; however, it found substantial support for a ''social ethic'' effect due to e.g. the Catholic attention to production within the family and to personal contacts: "Protestant values are shown to shape a type of individual who exerts greater effort in mutual social control, supports institutions more and more critically, is less bound to close circles of family and friends, and also holds more homogenous values.… (which ultimately works) in favour of anonymous markets, as they facilitate legal enforcement and impersonal exchange."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arruñada |first1=Benito |title=Protestants and Catholics: Similar Work Ethic, Different Social Ethic |journal=The Economic Journal |date=2010 |volume=120 |issue=547 |pages=890–918 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02325.x |jstor=40929701 |hdl=10230/624 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929701 |issn=0013-0133|hdl-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|890,908–910}} A similar result is in the 2003 analysis of Western Europe by Riis.<ref>"In modern Europe, the two main religious groups do not differ much in their work ethics, economic individualism, or emphasis on wealth, though there is some indication of differences with respect to cultural individualism." {{cite journal |last1=Riis |first1=Ole |title=Religion and the Spirit of Capitalism in Modern Europe |journal=Religion in Secularizing Society |date=1 January 2003 |pages=22–47 |doi=10.1163/9789004496354_006|isbn=9789004126220 |s2cid=154567819 }}</ref>

{{Blockquote|A re-examination of Weber's ''Protestant Ethic'' indicates that what was important for long-term economic growth was not a greater propensity to save and work of individual Protestants but rather the manner in which a group of Protestants interacted compared with a group of Catholics.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.sceco.umontreal.ca/publications/etext/2001-05.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030807123042/http://www.sceco.umontreal.ca/publications/etext/2001-05.pdf |archive-date=2003-08-07  |title=Religion and Economic Growth: Was Weber Right? |first1=Ulrich |last1=Blum |first2=Leonard |last2=Dudley |date=February 2001 |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Economics |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=207–230|doi=10.1007/PL00003862 |s2cid=13889938 }}</ref>|author=Ulrich Blum, Leonard Dudley|title=Religion and Economic Growth: Was Weber Right? – Journal of Evolutionary Economics|source=Vol 11, issue 2, pp. 217}}