Editing Psychological warfare (section)

==By country==

===China===
{{Further|Three warfares|United front (China)}}
According to [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]] analysts, attacking the enemy's mind is an important element of the [[People's Republic of China]]'s military strategy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chung |first=Youngjune |date=2021-07-05 |title=Allusion, reasoning and luring in Chinese psychological warfare |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |language=en |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=1007–1023 |doi=10.1093/ia/iiab070 |issn=0020-5850}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Tzu-Chieh |last2=Hung |first2=Tzu-Wei |date=2022-07-19 |title=How China's Cognitive Warfare Works: A Frontline Perspective of Taiwan's Anti-Disinformation Wars |journal=[[Journal of Global Security Studies]] |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/jogss/ogac016 |issn=2057-3170 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://cero11.cise.ufl.edu/~webmaster/Learning_Modules/MIL/content/MIL_psychologica.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415101011/http://cero11.cise.ufl.edu/~webmaster/Learning_Modules/MIL/content/MIL_psychologica.html|title=Chinese Military – Psychological Warfare|archive-date=15 April 2011|work=ufl.edu}}</ref> This type of warfare is rooted in the Chinese Stratagems outlined by [[Sun Tzu]] in ''[[The Art of War]]'' and ''[[Thirty-Six Stratagems]]''. In its dealings with its rivals, China is expected to utilize [[Marxism]] to mobilize [[communism|communist]] loyalists, as well as flex its economic and military muscle to persuade other nations to act in the Chinese government's interests. The Chinese government also tries to control the media to keep a tight hold on propaganda efforts for its people.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> The Chinese government also utilizes [[Cognitive Warfare|cognitive warfare]] against [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chin |first=Jonathan |date=2023-08-12 |title=PRC cognitive warfare targets Lai's trip |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2023/08/12/2003804625 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=[[Taipei Times]]}}</ref>

===France===
The [[:fr:Centre interarmées des actions sur l'environnement|Centre interarmées des actions sur l'environnement]] is an organization made up of 300 soldiers whose mission is to assure to the four service arm of the [[French Armed Forces]] psychological warfare capacities. Deployed in particular to Mali and Afghanistan, its missions "consist in better explaining and accepting the action of French forces in operation with local actors and thus gaining their trust: direct aid to the populations, management of reconstruction sites, actions of communication of influence with the population, elites and local elected officials". The center has capacities for analysis, influence, expertise and instruction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/ema/organismes-interarmees/le-centre-interarmees-des-actions-sur-l-environnement/le-centre-interarmees-des-actions-sur-l-environnement |title=Le Centre interarmées des actions sur l'environnement |website=www.defense.gouv.fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202140430/https://www.defense.gouv.fr/ema/organismes-interarmees/le-centre-interarmees-des-actions-sur-l-environnement/le-centre-interarmees-des-actions-sur-l-environnement |archive-date=2019-12-02}}</ref>

===Germany===
In the [[Germany|German]] {{Lang|de|[[Bundeswehr]]|italic=no}}, the '''Zentrum Operative Kommunikation''' is responsible for PSYOP efforts. The center is subordinate to the Cyber and Information Domain Service branch alongside multiple IT and Electronic Warfare battalions and consists of around 1000 soldiers. One project of the German PSYOP forces is the radio station ''[[Stimme der Freiheit]]'' (Sada-e Azadi, Voice of Freedom),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sada-e-azadi.net/Joomla/index.php?lang=en |title=Sada-e-azadi.net |website=Sada-e-azadi.net |access-date=18 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512063231/http://www.sada-e-azadi.net/Joomla/index.php?lang=en |archive-date=12 May 2011 }}</ref> heard by thousands of [[Afghans|Afghan]]s. Another is the publication of various newspapers and magazines in [[Kosovo]] and [[Afghanistan]], where German soldiers serve with [[NATO]].

===Iran===
The Iranian government had an operation program to use the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] as a psyop against concurrent people's protests.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ir.voanews.com/a/hacked-documents-soccer-iran-protests/6851956.html | title=«عملیات جام‌جهانی»؛ از کی‌روش برای «مقابله با اعتراض احتمالی بازیکنان» استفاده شده است | date=27 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iranintl.com/202211267589 | title=اسناد افشاشده خبرگزاری فارس: بهره‌برداری حکومت از جام‌جهانی برای مقابله با خیزش انقلابی | date=10 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iranintl.com/202211265984 | title=اسناد افشاشده؛ برنامه‌ریزی حکومت برای دور نگه داشتن تیم فوتبال از ایران اینترنشنال | date=10 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/fars-hacked-documents-on-football/32150699.html | title=محتوای دو سند هک‌شده از خبرگزاری فارس: تهدید بازیکنان تیم ملی و استفاده از کی‌روش | newspaper=رادیو فردا | date=28 November 2022 | last1=فردا | first1=رادیو }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/32042577/lbl0lbi316967.html | title=انتقال «۱۷ زندانی» به انفرادی برای حکم اعدام؛ کیهان خواستار حبس علی کریمی شد | newspaper=رادیو فردا | last1=فردا | first1=رادیو }}</ref>

=== Israel ===
The [[Israel]]i government and its military make use of psychological warfare. In 2021, Israeli newspaper ''[[Haaretz]]'' revealed that "''[[Abu Ali Express]]''", a popular news page on [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] and [[Twitter]] purportedly dedicated to "Arab affairs", was actually run by a Jewish Israeli paid consultant to the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF). The IDF's psyops account had been the source of a number of noteworthy reports that were afterwards cited by the Israeli and international media.<ref name="Haaretz-2022">{{Cite news |title=Israeli Army Employs Popular Blogger for Psyops on Social Media |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-08-18/ty-article/.premium/is-the-idf-behind-popular-arab-news-telegram-channel/0000017f-dc61-d3ff-a7ff-fde14daf0000 |access-date=2022-08-24|author-first1=Yaniv|author-last1=Kubovich|date=2021-08-18}}</ref>

===Russia===
{{See also|Active measures|New generation warfare}}

=== Soviet Union ===
{{Main||Russian military deception}}
{{See also|Active measures}}

===United Kingdom===
The British were one of the first major military powers to use psychological warfare in the First and Second World Wars. In the current [[British Armed Forces]], PsyOps are handled by the tri-service [[Defence Intelligence and Security Centre|15 Psychological Operations Group]]. (See also [[MI5]] and [[Secret Intelligence Service]]). The Psychological Operations Group comprises over 150 personnel, approximately 75 from the regular Armed Services and 75 from the Reserves. The Group supports deployed commanders in the provision of psychological operations in operational and tactical environments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/15psyops/index.htm  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620154544/http://www.army.mod.uk/15psyops/index.htm  |archive-date=20 June 2006  |title=15 (UK) Psychological Operations Group |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] |access-date=23 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/psychological-ops-group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702002020/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/psychological-ops-group |archive-date=2 July 2010 |title=Psychological Ops Group |publisher=Royal Navy |access-date=28 May 2013}}</ref>

The Group was established immediately after the 1991 [[Gulf War]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jolly |first=Stephen |date=October 2000 |title=Wearing the Stag's Head Badge: British Combat Propaganda since 1945 |journal=Falling Leaf |issue=170 |pages=86–89 |editor-first=David |editor-last=Minshall |issn=0956-2400 }}</ref> has since grown significantly in size to meet operational requirements,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psywar.org/psywar/reproductions/15POG_Annual_Report_2008.pdf |title=15 (United Kingdom) Psychological Operations Group: Annual Report |publisher=15 (UK) PSYOPS Group|access-date=29 May 2011}}</ref> and since 2015 has been one of the sub-units of the [[77th Brigade (United Kingdom)|77th Brigade]], formerly called the Security Assistance Group.<ref name=GuardJan15>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jan/31/british-army-facebook-warriors-77th-brigade|title=British army creates team of Facebook warriors|author=Ewan MacAskill|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=31 January 2015|access-date=31 January 2015}}</ref>

In June 2015, NSA files published by [[Glenn Greenwald]] revealed details of the [[JTRIG]] group at British intelligence agency [[GCHQ]] covertly manipulating online communities.<ref>Greenwald, Glenn and Andrew Fishman. [https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/06/22/controversial-gchq-unit-domestic-law-enforcement-propaganda/ Controversial GCHQ Unit Engaged in Domestic Law Enforcement, Online Propaganda, Psychology Research]. ''The Intercept''. 22 June 2015.</ref> This is in line with JTRIG's goal: to "destroy, deny, degrade [and] disrupt" enemies by "discrediting" them, planting misinformation and shutting down their communications.<ref name="NBCFeb14">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/snowden-docs-british-spies-used-sex-dirty-tricks-n23091|title=Snowden Docs: British Spies Used Sex and 'Dirty Tricks'|date=7 February 2014|publisher=[[NBC News]]|access-date=7 February 2014}}</ref>

In March 2019, it emerged that the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) of the UK's Ministry of Defence (MoD) is tendering to arms companies and universities for £70M worth of assistance under a project to develop new methods of psychological warfare. The project is known as the human and social sciences research capability (HSSRC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/mar/13/uk-military-mod-universities-research-psychological-warfare-documents|title=UK military turns to universities to research psychological warfare|first=Damien|last=Gayle|date=13 March 2019|access-date=13 March 2019|website=Theguardian.com}}</ref>

===United States===
{{See also|Psychological operations (United States)}}

[[File:US Army soldier hands out a newspaper to a local Aug 2004.jpg|thumb|U.S. Army soldier hands out a newspaper to a local in [[Mosul]], [[Iraq]].]]
[[File:U.S. Army loudspeaker team in action in Korea.jpg|thumb|U.S. Army loudspeaker team in action in Korea]]

The term psychological warfare is believed to have migrated from Germany to the United States in 1941.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Wall | first=Tyler | title=U.S. Psychological Warfare and Civilian Targeting | journal=Peace Review | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=22 | issue=3 | date=18 August 2010 | issn=1040-2659 | doi=10.1080/10402659.2010.502070 | pages=288–294| s2cid=144498009 }}</ref> During World War II, the United States [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] defined psychological warfare broadly, stating "Psychological warfare employs ''any'' weapon to influence the mind of the enemy. The weapons are psychological only in the effect they produce and not because of the weapons themselves."<ref>From "Overall Strategic Plan for the United States' Psychological Warfare, " 1 March 1943, JCS Records, Strategic Issues, Reel 11.  Quoted in {{Cite book|title=Austria in World War II|author=Robert H. Keyserlingk|page=131|date=July 1990|isbn=978-0-7735-0800-2|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press}}</ref> The [[U.S. Department of Defense]] (DoD) currently defines psychological warfare as:
<blockquote>"The planned use of propaganda and other [[psychological]] actions having the primary purpose of influencing the opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior of hostile foreign groups in such a way as to support the achievement of national objectives."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=pmt&folder=64&paper=665 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011155947/http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=pmt&folder=64&paper=665 |archive-date=2011-10-11 |title=Glossary of Relevant Terms & Acronyms Propaganda and Psychological Warfare Studies University of Leeds UK |access-date=2008-04-19 |author=Phil Taylor |year=1987 |publisher=University of Leeds UK |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>

This definition indicates that a critical element of the U.S. psychological operations capabilities includes propaganda and by extension [[counterpropaganda]]. Joint Publication 3–53 establishes specific policy to use public affairs mediums to counter propaganda from foreign origins.<ref>{{cite web |last=Garrison |first=WC |year=1999 |title=Information Operations and Counter-Propaganda: Making a Weapon of Public Affairs |work=Strategy Research Project, U.S. Army War College |page=12 |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a363892.pdf |access-date=4 April 2012 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010062709/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a363892.pdf |url-status=live }}<!-- 12 ? --></ref>

The purpose of [[United States]] psychological operations is to induce or reinforce attitudes and behaviors favorable to US objectives.  The [[Special Activities Center]] (SAC) is a division of the Central Intelligence Agency's [[National Clandestine Service|Directorate of Operations]], responsible for Covert Action and "Special Activities". These special activities include covert political influence (which includes psychological operations) and paramilitary operations.<ref name="Daugherty-2004">Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency, William J. Daugherty, University of Kentucky Press, 2004.</ref>  SAC's political influence group is the only US unit allowed to conduct these operations covertly and is considered the primary unit in this area.<ref name="Daugherty-2004"/>

A U.S. Army field manual released in January 2013 states that "Inform and Influence Activities" are critical for describing, directing, and leading military operations. Several Army Division leadership staff are assigned to “planning, integration and synchronization of designated information-related capabilities."<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/pentagon-gearing-up-to-fight-the-pr-war/2013/02/06/b3a9a582-6ef0-11e2-aa58-243de81040ba_story.html "Pentagon gearing up to fight the PR war"] ''Washington Post'', 6 February 2013</ref>

Journalist and fiction writer [[P. W. Singer|P.W. Singer]], author of ''Wired for War,'' teaches military leaders about how to incorporate "useful fiction" stories and narrative structure into military psyops.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newitz |first=Annalee |title=Stories are Weapons: Psychological Warfare the American Mind |publisher=W.W. Norton |year=2024 |isbn=978-0-393-88151-6 |pages=194}}</ref>

In September 2022, the DoD launched an audit of covert information warfare after social media companies identified a suspected U.S. military operation.<ref name="wp-20220919">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/09/19/pentagon-psychological-operations-facebook-twitter/ |title=Pentagon opens sweeping review of clandestine psychological operationns |last=Nakashima |first=Ellen |newspaper=Washington Post |date=19 September 2022 |access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>