Editing Rain shadow (section)

=== Europe ===
====Central Europe====
* The Plains of [[Limagne]] and [[Forez]] in the northern [[Massif Central]], France are also relatively rainshadowed (mostly the plain of Limagne, shadowed by the [[Chaîne des Puys]] (up to 2000&nbsp;mm; 80" of rain a year on the summits and below 600mm; 20" at [[Clermont-Ferrand]], which is one of the driest places in the country).
* The [[Piedmont]] wine region of northern Italy is rainshadowed by the mountains that surround it on nearly every side: [[Asti]] receives only {{convert|527|mm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} of precipitation per year, making it one of the driest places in mainland Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=161161&refer=&units=metric|title=Asti weather|work=weatherbase.com}}</ref>
* Some valleys in the inner [[Alps]] are also strongly rainshadowed by the high surrounding mountains: the areas of [[Gap, Hautes-Alpes|Gap]] and [[Briançon]] in [[France]], the district of [[Zernez]] in [[Switzerland]].
* The [[Kuyavia]] and the eastern part of the [[Greater Poland]] has an average rainfall of about {{convert|450|mm|in|abbr=on}} because of rainshadowing by the slopes of the [[Szwajcaria Kaszubska|Kashubian Switzerland]], making it one of the driest places in the [[North European Plain]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://turystyka.wp.pl/kujawy-najsuchsze-miejsce-w-polsce-6043969957925505g|title=Kujawy - najsuchsze miejsce w Polsce|last=S.A|first=Wirtualna Polska Media|date=2016-02-02|website=turystyka.wp.pl|language=pl|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref>

====Northern Europe====
* The [[Pennines]] of Northern England, the mountains of [[Wales]], the [[Lake District]] and the [[Highlands of Scotland]] create a rain shadow that includes most of the eastern United Kingdom, due to the prevailing south-westerly winds. [[Manchester]] and [[Glasgow]], for example, receive around double the rainfall of [[Leeds]] and [[Edinburgh]] respectively (although there are no mountains between Edinburgh and Glasgow). The contrast is even stronger further north, where [[Aberdeen]] gets around a third of the rainfall of [[Fort William, Scotland|Fort William]] or [[Skye]]. In Devon, rainfall at [[Princetown]] on Dartmoor is almost three times the amount received {{convert|48|km|mi}}  to the east at locations such as [[Exeter]] and [[Teignmouth]]. [[The Fens]] of East Anglia receive similar rainfall amounts to [[Seville]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/7100_1km/Rainfall_Average_1971-2000_17.gif|title=UK Rainfall averages|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218235225/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/7100_1km/Rainfall_Average_1971-2000_17.gif|archive-date=2010-02-18}}</ref>
* [[Iceland]] has plenty of [[microclimate]]s courtesy of the mountainous terrain. [[Akureyri]] on a northerly [[fiord]] receives about a third of the precipitation that the island of [[Vestmannaeyjar]] off the south coast gets. The smaller island is in the pathway of [[Gulf Stream]] rain fronts with mountains lining the southern coast of the mainland.
* The [[Scandinavian Mountains]] create a rain shadow for lowland areas east of the mountain chain and prevents the [[Oceanic climate]] from penetrating further east; thus [[Bergen]] and a place like [[Brekke (village)|Brekke]] in [[Sogn]], west of the mountains, receive an annual precipitation of {{convert|2250|and|3575|mm|in|sigfig=3}}, respectively,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.miljolare.no/tema/luftkvalitet/kampanjer/regnsjekken07/sporsmal/?q_id=2199|title=Spør meteorologen!|website=www.miljolare.no|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref> while [[Oslo]] receives only {{convert|760|mm|in}}, and [[Skjåk Municipality]], a [[municipalities of Norway|municipality]] situated in a deep valley, receives only {{convert|280|mm|in}}. Further east, the partial influence of the Scandinavian Mountains contribute to areas in east-central [[Sweden]] around [[Stockholm]] only receiving {{convert|550|mm|in}} annually. In the north, the mountain range extending to the coast in around [[Narvik (town)|Narvik]] and [[Tromsø (city)|Tromsø]] cause a lot higher precipitation there than in coastal areas further east facing north such as [[Alta (town)|Alta]] or inland areas like [[Kiruna]] across the Swedish border.
* The [[South Swedish highlands]], although not rising more than {{convert|377|m|ft}}, reduce precipitation and increase summer temperatures on the eastern side. Combined with the high pressure of the [[Baltic Sea]], this leads to some of the driest climates in the humid zones of Northern Europe being found in the triangle between the coastal areas in the counties of [[Kalmar County|Kalmar]], [[Östergötland County|Östergötland]] and [[Södermanland County|Södermanland]] along with the offshore island of [[Gotland]] on the leeward side of the slopes. Coastal areas in this part of Sweden usually receive less precipitation than windward locations in [[Andalusia]] in the south of Spain.<ref name=SMHInederbörd19912020>{{cite web|url=https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/dataserier-med-normalvarden-for-perioden-1991-2020-1.167775?l=null|title=Dataserier med normalvärden för perioden 1991-2020|trans-title=Data series with normals for the period 1991-2020|language=sv|publisher=[[Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]]|access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref>

====Southern Europe====
[[File:Vista satelital de la cordillera Cantábrica en toda su extensión, señalada mediante un recuadro rojo.jpg|thumb|230px|Cantabrian Mountains in the north, which rain-shadow most of Spain]]
* The [[Cantabrian Mountains]] form a sharp division between "[[Green Spain]]" to the north and the dry central plateau. The northern-facing slopes receive heavy rainfall from the [[Bay of Biscay]], but the southern slopes are in rain shadow. The other most evident effect on the Iberian Peninsula occurs in the [[Almería (province)|Almería]], [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]] and [[Alicante (province)|Alicante]] areas, each with an average rainfall of {{convert|300|mm|in|abbr=on}}, which are the driest spots in Europe (see [[Cabo de Gata]]) mostly a result of the mountain range running through their western side, which blocks the westerlies.
* The [[Norte Region, Portugal|Norte Region]] in [[Portugal]] has extreme differences in precipitation with values surpassing {{convert|3000|mm|in|abbr=on}} in the [[Peneda-Gerês National Park]] to values close to {{convert|500|mm|in|abbr=on}} in the [[Douro Valley]]. Despite being only {{convert|28|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart, [[Chaves, Portugal|Chaves]] has less than half the precipitation of [[Montalegre]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Iberian Climatic Atlas |url=http://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs_pontuais/ocorrencias/2011/atlas_clima_iberico.pdf |publisher=[[IPMA]], [[AEMET]] |access-date=24 December 2020}}</ref>
* The eastern part of the [[Pyrenees|Pyrenean mountains]] in the south of France ([[Cerdagne]]).
* In the Northern [[Apennines]] of [[Italy]], Mediterranean city [[La Spezia]] receives twice the rainfall of Adriatic city [[Rimini]] on the eastern side. This is also extended to the southern end of the Apennines that see vast rainfall differences between [[Naples]] with above {{convert|1000|mm|in}} on the Mediterranean side and [[Bari]] with about {{convert|560|mm|in}} on the Adriatic side.
* The valley of the [[Vardar River]] and south from [[Skopje]] to [[Athens]] is in the rain shadow of the [[Accursed Mountains]] and [[Pindus Mountains]]. On its windward side the Accursed Mountains has the highest rainfall in Europe at around {{convert|5000|mm|in|-1}} with small glaciers even at mean annual temperatures well above {{convert|0|C|F}}, but the leeward side receives as little as {{convert|400|mm|in}}.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}