Editing Rainbow trout (section)

==Artificial propagation==
[[File:Raceways.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photo of raceways as at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service fish hatchery|U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service fish hatchery]]
Since 1870, rainbow trout have been artificially propagated in [[Hatchery|fish hatcheries]] to restock streams and introduce them into non-native waters. The first rainbow trout hatchery was established on [[San Leandro Creek]], a tributary of [[San Francisco Bay]], in 1870, and trout production began in 1871. The hatchery was stocked with the locally native rainbow trout, and likely steelhead of the coastal rainbow trout subspecies {{nowrap|(''O. m. irideus'')}}. The fish raised in this hatchery were shipped to hatcheries out of state for the first time in 1875, to [[Caledonia, New York]], and then in 1876 to [[Northville, Michigan]]. In 1877, another California rainbow trout hatchery, the first federal fish hatchery in the [[National Fish Hatchery System]], was established on Campbell Creek, a [[McCloud River]] tributary.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schley|first=Ben|url=http://nctc.fws.gov/History/Articles/FisheriesHistory.html|title=A Century of Fish Conservation (1871–1971)|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|date=2009-05-21|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2020-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929194147/http://nctc.fws.gov/History/Articles/FisheriesHistory.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The McCloud River hatchery indiscriminately mixed coastal rainbow trout eggs with the eggs of local [[McCloud River redband trout]] {{nowrap|(''O. m. stonei'')}}. Eggs from the McCloud hatchery were also provided to the San Leandro hatchery, thus making the origin and genetic history of hatchery-bred rainbow trout somewhat diverse and complex.<ref>{{cite book |title=About Trout: The Best of Robert J. Behnke from ''Trout Magazine'' |pages=6–7 |publisher=Globe Pequot |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59921-203-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SpNwYrhbWVgC&pg=PA6 |last=Behnke |first=Robert J. |author2=Williams, Ted }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the U.S., there are hundreds of hatcheries operated by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] and various state agencies and [[Tribal sovereignty in the United States|tribal government]]s propagating rainbow trout for conservation and recreational sport fishing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fws.gov/fisheries/nfhs/index.html |title=Fish and Aquatic Conservation |publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=2013-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wdfw.wa.gov/hatcheries/overview.html |title=Conservation-Salmon Hatcheries Overview |publisher=Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203060121/http://wdfw.wa.gov/hatcheries/overview.html |archive-date=2013-12-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ourstate.com/cherokee-tribal-fish-hatchery/ |author=Frye, Jason|title=The Cherokee Tribal Fish Hatchery |publisher=Our State magazine |access-date=2013-11-28|date=2013-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Burden|first=Dan|url=http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/aquaculture/trout-profile/|title=Trout Profile|publisher=Agricultural Resource Marketing Center|date=March 2012|access-date=2013-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012240/http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/aquaculture/trout-profile/|archive-date=2013-12-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!--Any number of sources can be found to confirm that in the US, the Federal Government (FWS), state fisheries agencies, and tribal agencies operate fish hatcheries for rainbow trout.  The sources cited are just a few of the available sources to verify this content --> Six of ten Canadian provinces have rainbow trout farms, with [[Ontario]] leading production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/industry-markets-and-trade/statistics-and-market-information/by-product-sector/fish-and-seafood/fish-and-seafood-canadian-industry/fact-sheets/farmed-rainbow-trout-steelhead-salmon/?id=1383330765308 |title=Farmed Rainbow Trout / Steelhead Salmon |publisher=Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada |access-date=2014-08-12}}</ref>

===Aquaculture===
{{see also|Aquaculture of salmonids}}
[[File:rainbow-trout-in-market.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of cleaned and iced rainbow trout in fish market|Rainbow trout, cleaned and iced, in a fish market in Western Australia]]
[[File:Rainbow trout, aquaculture production, million tonnes, 1950-2022.svg|thumb|Global aquaculture production of Rainbow trout (''Oncorhynchus mykiss'') in million tonnes from 1950 to 2022, as reported by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_production?lang=en |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}}</ref>]]
Rainbow trout are [[Fish farming|commercially farmed]] in many countries throughout the world. The practice began in the late 19th century,<ref name="Seafood Watch">{{cite web|last=O'Neill|first=Brendan|title=Seafood Watch Report: Farmed Rainbow Trout|url=http://www.seafoodwatch.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_FarmedTroutReport.pdf|publisher=Monterey Bay Aquarium|access-date=2014-01-06|pages=2–6|date=2006-06-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107084804/http://www.seafoodwatch.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_FarmedTroutReport.pdf|archive-date=2014-01-07}}</ref> and since the 1950s commercial production has grown dramatically.<ref name=fao>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Oncorhynchus_mykiss/en|title=Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme: ''Oncorhynchus mykiss'' (Walbaum, 1792)|publisher=Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department|access-date=2014-01-09}}</ref> Worldwide, in 2007, {{convert|604695|t|ST|abbr=off}} of farmed rainbow trout were harvested with a value of about US$2.6&nbsp;billion.<ref name=fao/> The largest producer is Chile. In Chile and Norway, sea cage production of steelhead has expanded to supply export markets. Inland production of rainbow trout to supply domestic markets has increased in countries such as Italy, France, Germany, Denmark, and Spain. Other significant trout-producing countries include the U.S., Iran, Turkey,<ref>{{cite web|title = Turkey produces freshwater and seawater farmed rainbow trouts| work = Tridge| access-date = 2024-03-17| date = 2021-03-18| url = https://www.tridge.com/insights/turkey-produces-freshwater-and-seawater-farmed-rainbow-trouts}}</ref> the United Kingdom,<ref name=fao/> and [[Lesotho]].<ref>{{cite news| last = Macleod| first = Roderick| title = Trout farming in land-locked Lesotho is an export success| work = BBC News| access-date = 2014-11-02| date = 2014-10-28| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/business-29793303}}</ref> While the U.S. rainbow trout industry as a whole is viewed as ecologically responsible,<ref name=Monterey>{{cite web|title=Seafood Watch: Rainbow Trout|url=http://www.seafoodwatch.org/cr/seafoodwatch/web/sfw_factsheet.aspx?fid=64|publisher=Monterey Bay Aquarium|access-date=2014-01-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107083727/http://www.seafoodwatch.org/cr/seafoodwatch/web/sfw_factsheet.aspx?fid=64|archive-date=2014-01-07}}</ref> trout raised elsewhere are not necessarily farmed with the same methods.<ref name="Seafood Watch"/>

About three-quarters of U.S. production comes from Idaho, particularly the [[Snake River]] area,<ref name="Seafood Watch"/> due in part to the quality and temperature of the water available there.<ref name=Egan>{{cite news|last=Egan|first=Timothy|title=Trout as Wild as All Outdoors, Almost|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/25/dining/trout-as-wild-as-all-outdoors-almost.html?fta=y|work=The New York Times|access-date=2014-01-06|date=1998-02-25}}</ref> California and Washington also produce significant numbers of farmed trout. In the east, [[Pennsylvania]], [[North Carolina]] and West Virginia have farming operations.<ref name="Seafood Watch"/><ref name=Harlow/> Rainbow trout farming is one of the largest finfish aquaculture industries in the U.S.<ref name="Seafood Watch"/> They are raised inland in facilities where raceways or ponds have continuously flowing water with little pollution and a low risk of escape. The U.S. industry is noted for using [[Best practice|best management practice]]s.<ref name=Monterey/> Imports constitute only about 15&nbsp;percent of farmed rainbows sold in the U.S., and nearly all domestic production is consumed within the country; very little is exported. The U.S. produces about 7&nbsp;percent of the world's farmed trout.<ref name="Seafood Watch"/> Rainbow trout, especially those raised in farms and hatcheries, are susceptible to [[enteric redmouth disease]]. A considerable amount of research has been conducted on redmouth disease, given its serious implications for rainbow trout farming. The disease does not infect humans.<ref>{{cite web |year=1990 |url= http://www.lsc.usgs.gov/fhb/leaflets/82.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616111453/http://www.lsc.usgs.gov/fhb/leaflets/82.asp |archive-date=2009-06-16 |title=Enteric Redmouth Disease of Salmonids LSC |work= Fish Disease Leaflet 82 |publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |last=Bullock|first=G. L.|author2=Cipriano, R.C. }}</ref>

There have been recent interest and efforts in introducing a rainbow trout species that can be completely fed on a vegan diet through genetic selection. Research from a study team led by USDA research geneticist Dr. Ken Overturf concluded that such natural [[genetic variation]] of vegan trouts does exist and believe they can produce rainbow trouts that can be completely fed on a 100% plant-based diet.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-14|title=Vegan rainbow trout could hit market soon|url=https://www.aquaculturenorthamerica.com/vegan-rainbow-trout-could-hit-market-soon-2284/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Aquaculture North America|language=en-US}}</ref>