Editing Reflex syncope (section)

===Medications===
* Certain [[medications]] may  also be helpful:
** [[Beta blocker]]s (β-adrenergic antagonists) were once the most common medication given; however, they have been shown to be ineffective in a variety of studies and are thus no longer prescribed. In addition, they may cause the syncope by lowering the blood pressure and heart rate.<ref name="pmid16505178">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sheldon R, Connolly S, Rose S, Klingenheben T, Krahn A, Morillo C, Talajic M, Ku T, Fouad-Tarazi F, Ritchie D, Koshman ML | title = Prevention of Syncope (POST): a randomized, placebo-controlled study of metoprolol in the prevention of vasovagal syncope | journal = Circulation | volume = 113 | issue = 9 | pages = 1164–70 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16505178 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.535161 | doi-access =  | s2cid = 12778841 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11216978">{{cite journal |vauthors=Madrid AH, Ortega J, Rebollo JG, Manzano JG, Segovia JG, Sánchez A, Peña G, Moro C | title = Lack of efficacy of atenolol for the prevention of neurally mediated syncope in a highly symptomatic population: a prospective, double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study | journal = J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 554–9 | date = February 2001 | pmid = 11216978 | doi = 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01155-4 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
** Medications which may be effective include: CNS stimulants<ref>{{cite journal|title= The use of methylphenidate in the treatment of refractory neurocardiogenic syncope|date=2012-05-24 |pmid=8734752 | volume=19|issue=5 |journal=Pacing Clin Electrophysiol|pages=836–40|vauthors=Grubb BP, Kosinski D, Mouhaffel A, Pothoulakis A |doi=10.1111/j.1540-8159.1996.tb03367.x |s2cid=34197462 }}</ref> [[fludrocortisone]], [[midodrine]], [[SSRI]]s<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ali Aydin|first1=Muhammet|last2=Salukhe|first2=Tushar|last3=Wilkie|first3=Iris|last4=Willems|first4=Stephan|title=Management and therapy of vasovagal syncope: A review|journal=World J Cardiol|pmc=2998831|pmid=21160608|doi=10.4330/wjc.v2.i10.308|volume=2|issue=10|year=2010|pages=308–15 |doi-access=free }}</ref> such as [[paroxetine]] or [[sertraline]], [[disopyramide]], and, in health-care settings where a syncope is anticipated, [[atropine]] or epinephrine (adrenaline).<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://web.squ.edu.om/med-Lib/MED_CD/E_CDs/Nursing%20Drug%20Guide/mg/epinephrine.htm |title=epinephrine (adrenaline) |author=Amy M. Karch |journal=2006 Lippincott's Nursing Drug Guide |access-date=12 August 2016 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629215823/http://web.squ.edu.om/med-Lib/MED_CD/E_CDs/Nursing%20Drug%20Guide/mg/epinephrine.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* For people with the cardioinhibitory form of vasovagal syncope, implantation of a [[artificial pacemaker|permanent pacemaker]] may be beneficial or even curative.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vasovagal Syncope: What is it? |url=http://www.vasovagal-syncope.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103161954/http://vasovagal-syncope.com/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref>
Types of long-term therapy for vasovagal syncope include<ref name="Fenton, A. M. 2000"/>
* Preload agents
* Vasoconstrictors
* Anticholinergic agents
* Negative cardiac inotropes
* Central agents
* Mechanical device
* Discontinuation of medications known to lower blood pressure may be helpful, but stopping [[antihypertensive drugs]] can also be dangerous in some people. Taking antihypertensive drugs may worsen the syncope, as the hypertension may have been the body's way to compensate for the low blood pressure.