Editing Resonator (section)

===Transmission-line resonators===
[[Transmission line]]s are structures that allow broadband transmission of electromagnetic waves, e.g. at radio or microwave frequencies. Abrupt change of impedance (e.g. open or short) in a transmission line causes reflection of the transmitted signal. Two such reflectors on a transmission line evoke standing waves between them and thus act as a one-dimensional resonator, with the resonance frequencies determined by their distance and the effective dielectric constant of the transmission line.<ref name="pozar" />  A common form is the [[resonant stub]], a length of transmission line terminated in either a [[short circuit]] or open circuit, connected in series or parallel with a main transmission line. 

Planar transmission-line resonators are commonly employed for [[Coplanar waveguide|coplanar]], [[stripline]], and [[microstrip]] transmission lines. Such planar transmission-line resonators can be very compact in size and are widely used elements in microwave circuitry. In cryogenic solid-state research, superconducting transmission-line resonators contribute to solid-state spectroscopy <ref>{{cite journal|author=D. Hafner |year=2014|title=Surface-resistance measurements using superconducting stripline resonators |journal=Rev. Sci. Instrum. |volume=85|issue=1|pages=014702 |doi=10.1063/1.4856475 |pmid=24517793|arxiv=1309.5331 |display-authors=etal|bibcode=2014RScI...85a4702H|s2cid=16234011}}</ref> and quantum information science.<ref>{{cite journal|author=L. Frunzio |year=2005|title=Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Circuit QED Devices for Quantum Computation |journal=IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity |volume=15|issue=2|pages=860–863 |doi=10.1109/TASC.2005.850084 |arxiv = cond-mat/0411708 |display-authors=etal|bibcode=2005ITAS...15..860F|s2cid=12789596}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=M. Göppl|year=2008|title=Coplanar waveguide resonators for circuit quantum electrodynamics|journal=[[Journal of Applied Physics|J. Appl. Phys.]]|volume=104|issue=11|pages=113904–113904–8|doi=10.1063/1.3010859|arxiv = 0807.4094 |bibcode = 2008JAP...104k3904G |s2cid=56398614|display-authors=etal}}</ref>