Editing Retrograde amnesia (section)

=== Controlled induction ===
Clinically induced RA has been achieved using different forms of electrical induction.
* [[Electroconvulsive therapy]] (ECT), used as a depression therapy, can cause impairments in memory.<ref name="Ottosson_1960">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ottosson J | title = Experimental studies of the mode of action of electroconvulsive therapy. | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | date = 1960 | volume = 145 | pages = 1–41 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1960.tb08352.x| s2cid = 29773758 }}</ref> Tests show that information from days and weeks before the ECT can be permanently lost.<ref name="Donahue_2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Donahue AB | title = Electroconvulsive therapy and memory loss: a personal journey | journal = The Journal of ECT | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 133–43 | date = June 2000 | pmid = 10868323 | doi = 10.1097/00124509-200006000-00005 | s2cid = 28318459 | url = }}</ref> The results of this study also show that severity of RA is more extreme in cases of bilateral ECT rather than unilateral ECT. Impairments can also be more intense if ECT is administered repetitively (sine wave simulation) as opposed to a single pulse (brief-pulse stimulation).<ref name="Squire_1986">{{cite journal | vauthors = Squire LR | title = Memory functions as affected by electroconvulsive therapy | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | date = 1986 | volume = 462 | issue = 1 | pages = 307–314 | pmid = 3458411 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb51265.x | bibcode = 1986NYASA.462..307S | s2cid = 28060335 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Electroconvulsive shock]] (ECS): The research in this field has been advanced by using animals as subjects.<ref name="Misanin_2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rao SK, Andrade C, Reddy K, Madappa KN, Thyagarajan S, Chandra S | title = Memory protective effect of indomethacin against electroconvulsive shock-induced retrograde amnesia in rats | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 51 | issue = 9 | pages = 770–773 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11983192 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01219-7 | s2cid = 29560202 }}</ref> This is done to further understand RA.