Editing Root (section)

===Regulation===
There is a correlation of roots using the process of [[plant perception (physiology)|plant perception]] to sense their physical environment to grow,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakagawa Y, Katagiri T, Shinozaki K, Qi Z, Tatsumi H, Furuichi T, Kishigami A, Sokabe M, Kojima I, Sato S, Kato T, Tabata S, Iida K, Terashima A, Nakano M, Ikeda M, Yamanaka T, Iida H | display-authors = 6 | title = Arabidopsis plasma membrane protein crucial for Ca2+ influx and touch sensing in roots | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 104 | issue = 9 | pages = 3639–44 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 17360695 | pmc = 1802001 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0607703104 | bibcode = 2007PNAS..104.3639N | doi-access = free }}</ref> including the sensing of light,<ref>{{cite press release |title=UV-B light sensing mechanism discovered in plant roots |url=https://phys.org/news/2008-12-uv-b-mechanism-roots.html |work=phys.org |publisher=San Francisco State University |date=8 December 2008 }}</ref> and physical barriers. Plants also sense gravity and respond through auxin pathways,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marchant A, Kargul J, May ST, Muller P, Delbarre A, Perrot-Rechenmann C, Bennett MJ | title = AUX1 regulates root gravitropism in Arabidopsis by facilitating auxin uptake within root apical tissues | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 2066–73 | date = April 1999 | pmid = 10205161 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/18.8.2066 | pmc = 1171291 }}</ref> resulting in [[gravitropism]]. Over time, roots can crack foundations, snap water lines, and lift sidewalks. Research has shown that roots have ability to recognize 'self' and 'non-self' roots in same soil environment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hodge A | title = Root decisions | journal = Plant, Cell & Environment | volume = 32 | issue = 6 | pages = 628–40 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 18811732 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01891.x | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2009PCEnv..32..628H }}</ref>

The correct environment of [[Aeration|air]], mineral [[nutrients]] and [[water]] directs plant roots to grow in any direction to meet the plant's needs. Roots will shy or shrink away from dry<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carminati|first1=Andrea|last2=Vetterlein|first2=Doris|last3=Weller|first3=Ulrich|last4=Vogel|first4=Hans-Jörg|last5=Oswald|first5=Sascha E. | name-list-style = vanc |title=When roots lose contact |journal=Vadose Zone Journal |date=2009 |volume=8|issue=3|pages=805–809|doi=10.2136/vzj2008.0147|bibcode=2009VZJ.....8..805C }}</ref> or other poor soil conditions.

[[Gravitropism]] directs roots to grow downward at [[germination]], the growth mechanism of plants that also causes the shoot to grow upward.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen R, Rosen E, Masson PH | title = Gravitropism in higher plants | journal = Plant Physiology | volume = 120 | issue = 2 | pages = 343–50 | date = June 1999 | pmid = 11541950 | pmc = 1539215 | doi = 10.1104/pp.120.2.343 }}
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Different types of roots such as primary, seminal, lateral and crown are maintained at different gravitropic setpoint angles i.e. the direction in which they grow. Recent research show that root angle in cereal crops such as barley and wheat is regulated by a novel gene called Enhanced Gravitropism 1 (EGT1).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fusi |first1=Riccardo |last2=Rosignoli |first2=Serena |last3=Lou |first3=Haoyu |last4=Sangiorgi |first4=Giuseppe |last5=Bovina |first5=Riccardo |last6=Pattem |first6=Jacob K. |last7=Borkar |first7=Aditi N. |last8=Lombardi |first8=Marco |last9=Forestan |first9=Cristian |last10=Milner |first10=Sara G. |last11=Davis |first11=Jayne L. |last12=Lale |first12=Aneesh |last13=Kirschner |first13=Gwendolyn K. |last14=Swarup |first14=Ranjan |last15=Tassinari |first15=Alberto |last16=Pandey |first16=Bipin K. |last17=York |first17=Larry M. |last18=Atkinson |first18=Brian S. |last19=Sturrock |first19=Craig J. |last20=Mooney |first20=Sacha J. |last21=Hochholdinger |first21=Frank |last22=Tucker |first22=Matthew R. |last23=Himmelbach |first23=Axel |last24=Stein |first24=Nils |last25=Mascher |first25=Martin |last26=Nagel |first26=Kerstin A. |last27=De Gara |first27=Laura |last28=Simmonds |first28=James |last29=Uauy |first29=Cristobal |last30=Tuberosa |first30=Roberto |last31=Lynch |first31=Jonathan P. |last32=Yakubov |first32=Gleb E. |last33=Bennett |first33=Malcolm J. |last34=Bhosale |first34=Rahul |last35=Salvi |first35=Silvio |title=Root angle is controlled by EGT1 in cereal crops employing an antigravitropic mechanism |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2 August 2022 |volume=119 |issue=31 |pages=e2201350119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2201350119|doi-access=free |pmid=35881796 |pmc=9351459 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11901350F }}</ref>

Research indicates that plant roots growing in search of productive nutrition can sense and avoid soil compaction through diffusion of the gas [[ethylene]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=Bipin K. |last2=Huang |first2=Guoqiang |last3=Bhosale |first3=Rahul |last4=Hartman |first4=Sjon |last5=Sturrock |first5=Craig J. |last6=Jose |first6=Lottie |last7=Martin |first7=Olivier C. |last8=Karady |first8=Michal |last9=Voesenek |first9=Laurentius A. C. J. |last10=Ljung |first10=Karin |last11=Lynch |first11=Jonathan P. |last12=Brown |first12=Kathleen M. |last13=Whalley |first13=William R. |last14=Mooney |first14=Sacha J. |last15=Zhang |first15=Dabing |last16=Bennett |first16=Malcolm J. |title=Plant roots sense soil compaction through restricted ethylene diffusion |journal=Science |date=15 January 2021 |volume=371 |issue=6526 |pages=276–280 |doi=10.1126/science.abf3013 |pmid=33446554 |bibcode=2021Sci...371..276P |hdl=1874/418726 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:ArabidopsisLatRoot.jpg|thumb|Fluorescent imaging of an emerging lateral root]]