Editing Rules of chess (section)

===End of the game===

==== Checkmate ====
{{Main|Checkmate}}
{{Chess diagram small
|tleft
|
|  |  |  |  |kd|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |rd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |pl|pl|
|  |  |  |  |  |rl|kl|qd
|White is checkmated; Black wins.<ref>{{Harvcol|Harkness|1967}}</ref>
}}

If a player's king is placed in check and there is no legal move that player can make to escape check, then the king is said to be ''[[checkmate]]d'', the game ends, and that player loses.<ref>{{Harvcol|Schiller|2003|pp=20–21}}</ref> Unlike the other pieces, the king is never captured.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 1.4.1}}

The diagram shows an example checkmate position. The white king is threatened by the black queen; the empty square to which the king could move is also threatened; and the king cannot capture the queen, because it would then be in check by the rook.
{{Clear}}

====Resigning====
Either player may ''resign'' at any time, conceding the game to the opponent.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 5.1.2}} To indicate resignation, the player may say "I resign". Tipping over the king also indicates resignation, but it should be distinguished from accidentally knocking the king over. Stopping both clocks is not an indication of resigning, since clocks can be stopped to call the arbiter. An offer of a handshake is sometimes used, but it could be mistaken for a draw offer.{{sfn|Just|2019|loc=chapter 1, section 13B}}

Under FIDE Laws, a resignation by one player results in a draw if their opponent has no way to checkmate them via any series of legal moves, or a loss by that player otherwise.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 5.1.2}}
{{Clear}}

==== Draws ====
{{Main|Draw (chess)}}
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|
|  |  |kd|  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |ql|bl|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |kl|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|Black to move is in stalemate, since Black's king has no legal move, and is not in check. The game is drawn.<ref>{{Harvcol|Harkness|1967}}</ref>
}}

The game ends in a [[draw (chess)|draw]] if any of these conditions occur:{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=articles 5.2.1, 5.2.2, and 5.2.3}}
* The player to move is not in check and has no legal move. This situation is called a [[stalemate]]. An example of such a position is shown in the adjacent diagram.
* The game reaches a [[#Dead_position|dead position]].
* Both players [[Draw by agreement|agree to a draw]] after one of the players makes such an offer.

In addition, in the FIDE rules, if a player has run out of time (see below), or has resigned, but the position is such that there is no way for the opponent to give checkmate by any series of legal moves, the game is a draw.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=articles 6.9 and 5.1.2}}

[[#Competitive rules of play|FIDE's competitive rules of play]] allow a player to claim a draw in either of two situations:
* Fifty moves have been made by each player without a capture or pawn movement (this is the [[fifty-move rule]]);{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 9.3}}
* The same position has appeared three times (or has appeared twice and the player claiming the draw can force the third appearance); this is the [[threefold repetition]] rule.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 9.2}}
These rules help prevent games from being extended indefinitely in tournaments.

There is no longer a rule specifically defining [[perpetual check]] as a draw. In such a situation, either the threefold repetition rule or the fifty-move rule will eventually come into effect. More often, the players will simply agree to a draw.<ref>{{Harvcol|Staunton|1847|pp=21–22}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcol|Reinfeld|1954|p=175}}</ref>

===== Dead position =====
{{Chess diagram
| tright
| Example of a dead position{{sfn|FIDE Arbiters' Commission|2022|loc=page 8 (article 1.5)}}
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |bd|  |kd|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |pd
|pd|  |pd|  |pd|  |pd|pl
|pl|pd|pl|  |pl|  |pl|
|  |pl|  |bl|kl|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| White has just played h5; neither side can open up the position.
}}
A ''dead position'' is defined as a position where neither player can checkmate their opponent's king by any sequence of legal moves.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 5.2.2}} According to the rules of chess the game is immediately terminated the moment a dead position appears on the board. 

Some basic endings are always dead positions; for example:
* king against king;
* king against king and bishop;
* king against king and knight.

Blocked positions can arise in which progress is impossible for either side, such as the diagrammed position;{{sfn|FIDE Arbiters' Commission|2022|loc=page 8 (article 1.5)}} these too are dead positions.

[[United States Chess Federation|USCF]] rules, for games played under a time control that does not include delay or increment, allow draw claims for "insufficient losing chances".{{sfn|Just|2019|loc=chapter 1, section 14H}} For example, if each player has only a king and a knight, checkmate is only achievable with the co-operation of both players, even if it is not a dead position.