Editing SMART-1 (section)

==Flight==

SMART-1 was launched 27 September 2003 together with [[INSAT-3E|Insat 3E]] and [[Eurobird 3|eBird 1]], by an [[Ariane 5]] rocket from the [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[French Guiana]]. After 42 minutes it was released into a [[geostationary transfer orbit]] of 7,035&nbsp;×&nbsp;42,223&nbsp;km<!--- 654 × 35,885 km altitude --->. From there it used its Solar Electric Primary Propulsion (SEPP) to gradually spiral out during thirteen months.

The orbit can be seen up to 26 October 2004 at [http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=14345 spaceref.com], when the orbit was 179,718&nbsp;×&nbsp;305,214&nbsp;km. On that date, after the 289th engine pulse, the SEPP had accumulated a total on-time of nearly 3,648 hours out of a total flight time of 8,000 hours, hence a little less than half of its total mission. It consumed about 58.8&nbsp;kg of [[xenon]] and produced a delta-v of 2,737&nbsp;m/s (46.5&nbsp;m/s per kg xenon, 0.75&nbsp;m/s per hour on-time). It was powered on again on 15 November for a planned burn of 4.5 days to enter fully into lunar orbit. It took until February 2005 using the electric thruster to decelerate into the final orbit 300–3,000&nbsp;km above the Moon's surface.<ref>{{cite journal| display-authors = 4| author = Rathsman P.| author2 = Kugelberg J.| author3 = Bodin P.| author4 = Racca G. D.| author5 = Foing B.| author6 =Stagnaro|title= SMART-1: Development and lessons learnt|  journal= Acta Astronautica|
volume= 57 |issue= 2–8 | date= 2005| pages= 455–468| doi= 10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.03.041  |bibcode = 2005AcAau..57..455R }}</ref>  The end of mission performance demonstrated by the propulsion system is stated above.

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Summary of [[osculating orbit|osculating]] geocentric orbital elements'''
|-
! abbr="Epoch"       | Epoch (UTC) 
! abbr="Perigee"     | Perigee (km)
! abbr="Apogee"      | Apogee (km)
!                      Eccentricity
! abbr="Inclination" | Inclination (deg)<br>(to Earth equator)
! abbr="Period"      | Period (h)
|-
! 27 September 2003
|align="right"| ~7,035 ||align="right"| ~42,223 ||align="right"| ~0.714 ||align="right"| ~6.9 ||align="right"| ~10.6833
|-
! 26 October 2003, 21:20:00.0
|align="right"| 8,687.994 ||align="right"| 44,178.401 ||align="right"| 0.671323 ||align="right"| 6.914596 ||align="right"| 11.880450
|-
! 19 November 2003, 04:29:48.4 
|align="right"| 10,843.910 ||align="right"| 46,582.165 ||align="right"| 0.622335 ||align="right"| 6.861354 ||align="right"| 13.450152
|-
! 19 December 2003, 06:41:47.6 
|align="right"| 13,390.351 ||align="right"| 49,369.049 ||align="right"| 0.573280 ||align="right"| 6.825455 ||align="right"| 15.366738
|-
! 29 December 2003, 05:21:47.8 
|align="right"| 17,235.509 ||align="right"| 54,102.642 ||align="right"| 0.516794 ||align="right"| 6.847919 ||align="right"| 18.622855
|-
! 19 February 2004, 22:46:08.6 
|align="right"| 20,690.564 ||align="right"| 65,869.222 ||align="right"| 0.521936 ||align="right"| 6.906311 ||align="right"| 24.890737
|-
! 19 March 2004, 00:40:52.7 
|align="right"| 20,683.545 ||align="right"| 66,915.919 ||align="right"| 0.527770 ||align="right"| 6.979793 ||align="right"| 25.340528
|-
! 25 August 2004, 00:00:00 
|align="right"| 37,791.261 ||align="right"| 240,824.363 ||align="right"| 0.728721 ||align="right"| 6.939815 ||align="right"| 143.738051
|-
! 19 October 2004, 21:30:45.9 
|align="right"| 69,959.278 ||align="right"| 292,632.424 ||align="right"| 0.614115 ||align="right"| 12.477919 ||align="right"| 213.397970
|-
! 24 October 2004, 06:12:40.9 
|align="right"| 179,717.894 ||align="right"| 305,214.126 ||align="right"| 0.258791 ||align="right"| 20.591807 ||align="right"| 330.053834
|}
After its last [[perigee]] on 2 November,<ref>[http://www.moontoday.net/news/viewsr.html?pid=14345 SMART-1: On Course for Lunar Capture | Moon Today – Your Daily Source of Moon News<!-- Bot generated title -->] www.moontoday.net {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102120549/http://www.moontoday.net/news/viewsr.html?pid=14345 |date=2 November 2005 }}</ref> on 11 November 2004 it passed through the [[Lagrange point#Earth–Moon|Earth-Moon]] L<sub>1</sub> [[Lagrangian Point]] and into the area dominated by the Moon's [[gravity|gravitational]] influence, and at 1748 [[Universal Time|UT]] on 15 November passed the first [[periselene]] of its lunar orbit. The [[osculating orbit]] on that date was 6,704&nbsp;×&nbsp;53,208&nbsp;km,<ref>[http://www.moontoday.net/news/viewsr.html?pid=14573 SMART-1 completes its first orbit around the Moon | Moon Today – Your Daily Source of Moon News<!-- Bot generated title -->] www.moontoday.net {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215100120/http://www.moontoday.net/news/viewsr.html?pid=14573 |date=15 December 2004 }}</ref> with an orbital period of 129 hours, although the actual orbit was accomplished in only 89 hours. This illustrates the significant impact that the engine burns have on the orbit and marks the meaning of the osculating orbit, which is the orbit that would be travelled by the spacecraft if at that instant all perturbations, including thrust, would cease.

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Summary of [[osculating orbit|osculating]] selenocentric orbital elements'''
|-
! abbr="Epochea"       | Epoch (UTC)
! abbr="Periseleneaa"  | Periselene (km) 
! abbr="Aposeleneaa"   | Aposelene (km) 
!                      Eccentricity
! abbr="Inclinationaa" | Inclination (deg)<br>(to Moon equator)
! abbr="Periodic"      | Period (h)
|-
! 15 November 2004, 17:47:12.1 
|align="right"| 6,700.720 ||align="right"| 53,215.151 ||align="right"| 0.776329 ||align="right"| 81.085 ||align="right"| 129.247777
|-
! 4 December 2004 10:37:47.3 
|align="right"| 5,454.925 ||align="right"| 20,713.095 ||align="right"| 0.583085 ||align="right"| 83.035 ||align="right"| 37.304959
|-
! 9 January 2005, 15:24:55.0 
|align="right"| 2,751.511 ||align="right"| 6,941.359 ||align="right"| 0.432261 ||align="right"| 87.892 ||align="right"| 8.409861
|-
! 28 February 2005, 05:18:39.9
|align="right"| 2,208.659 ||align="right"| 4,618.220 ||align="right"| 0.352952 ||align="right"| 90.063603 ||align="right"| 4.970998
|-
! 25 April 2005, 08:19:05.4
|align="right"| 2,283.738 ||align="right"| 4,523.111 ||align="right"| 0.328988 ||align="right"| 90.141407 ||align="right"| 4.949137
|-
! 16 May 2005, 09:08:52.9
|align="right"| 2,291.250 ||align="right"| 4,515.857 ||align="right"| 0.326807 ||align="right"| 89.734929 ||align="right"| 4.949919
|-
! 20 June 2005, 10:21:37.1
|align="right"| 2,256.090 ||align="right"| 4,549.196 ||align="right"| 0.336960 ||align="right"| 90.232619 ||align="right"| 4.947432
|-
! 18 July 2005, 11:14:28.0
|align="right"| 2,204.645 ||align="right"| 4,600.376 ||align="right"| 0.352054 ||align="right"| 90.263741 ||align="right"| 4.947143
|}
ESA announced on 15 February 2005 an extension of the mission of ''SMART-1'' by one year until August 2006. This date was later shifted to 3 September 2006 to enable further scientific observations from Earth.<ref>[http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMQFHL8IOE_index_0.html ESA Portal – SMART-1 manoeuvres prepare for mission end<!-- Bot generated title -->] www.esa.int</ref>

===Lunar impact===

SMART-1 impacted the Moon's surface, as planned, on 3 September 2006 at 05:42:22 [[Universal Coordinated Time|UTC]], ending its mission. Moving at approximately 2,000&nbsp;m/s (4,500&nbsp;mph), SMART-1 created an impact visible with ground telescopes from Earth. It is hoped that not only will this provide some data simulating a [[meteor impact]], but also that it might expose materials in the ground, like water ice, to [[spectroscopy|spectroscopic analysis]].

ESA originally estimated that impact occurred at {{Coord|34.4|S|46.2|W|globe:Moon}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMBY5BVLRE_0.html|title=SMART-1 impacts Moon |date=3 September 2006 |website=[[European Space Agency]] |access-date=3 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905050753/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMBY5BVLRE_0.html |archive-date=5 September 2006}}</ref> In 2017, the impact site was identified from [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] data at {{coord|34.262|S|46.193|W|globe:Moon}}.<ref name="astromag" /> At the time of impact, the Moon was visible in North and South America, and places in the Pacific Ocean, but not Europe, Africa, or western Asia.

This project has generated data and know-how that will be used for other missions, such as the ESA's [[BepiColombo]] mission to [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].