Editing Scalping (section)

===Continued Indian Wars===
In 1851, the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] displayed Indian scalps in [[Stanislaus County, California]]. 

In 1851, the Tehama Massacre occurred in [[Tehama County, California]], wherein U.S. military and citizens razed villages and scalped hundreds of men, women, and children.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pfaelzer |first1=Jean |url=https://archive.org/details/drivenoutforgott00pfae |title=Driven Out: The Forgotten War against Chinese Americans |date=2007 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9781400061341 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}</ref> This attack targeted Native communities specifically, in the villages of Yana, Konkow, Nisenan, Wintu, Nomlaki, Patwin, Yuki, and Maidu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehama Massacre (California) |url=https://nativephilanthropy.candid.org/events/tehama-massacre-california |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Investing in Native Communities |language=en-US}}</ref>

Scalping also occurred during the [[Sand Creek Massacre]] on November 29, 1864, during the [[American Indian Wars]], when a 700-man force of U.S. Army volunteers destroyed the village of [[Cheyenne]] and [[Arapaho]] in southeastern [[Colorado Territory]], killing and mutilating<ref name="A Century of Dishonor">{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Helen|title=A Century of Dishonor|date=1994|publisher=Indian Head Books|location=United States|isbn=1-56619-167-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/centuryofdishono0000jack/page/344 344]|url=https://archive.org/details/centuryofdishono0000jack/page/344}}</ref><ref name="hoig_book">{{cite book|last=Hoig|first=Stan|title=The Sand Creek Massacre|year=2005|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman|page=153|isbn=978-0-8061-1147-6|orig-year=1974}}</ref> an estimated 70–163 Native American civilians.<ref name="Dee_book">{{cite book| last = Brown| first = Dee| title = Bury my heart at Wounded Knee| orig-year  = 1970| publisher = Macmillan| chapter = War Comes to the Cheyenne| pages = 86–87| isbn = 978-0-8050-6634-0| year = 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/program/episodes/four/whois.htm |title=THE WEST - Who is the Savage? |website=Pbs.org |access-date=2016-07-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726000602/http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/program/episodes/four/whois.htm |archive-date=2016-07-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=John Evans Study Report|url=https://portfolio.du.edu/downloadItem/286858|publisher=[[University of Denver]]|access-date=6 January 2016|date=November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207203926/https://portfolio.du.edu/downloadItem/286858|archive-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> An 1867 ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' article reported that "settlers in a small town in Colorado Territory had recently subscribed $5,000 to a fund ‘for the purpose of buying Indian scalps (with $25 each to be paid for scalps with the ears on)’ and that the market for Indian scalps ‘is not affected by age or sex’." The article noted this behavior was "sanctioned" by the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]], and was modeled on patterns the U.S. had begun a century earlier in the "American East".<ref name="Kakel">{{cite book|last1=Kakel|first1=Carroll P.|title=The American West and the Nazi East, A Comparative and Interpretive Perspective|date=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}</ref>{{rp|206}}

From one writer's point of view, it was a "uniquely American" innovation that the use of scalp bounties in the wars against indigenous societies "became an indiscriminate killing process that deliberately targeted Indian non-combatants (including women, children, and infants), as well as warriors."<ref name="Kakel"/>{{rp|204}} Some American states such as Arizona paid bounty for enemy Native American scalps.<ref>World of the American Indian, by Jules B. Billard, National Geographic Society; First Printing edition (1974), Washington DC</ref>