Editing Social cognition (section)

==Social cognitive neuroscience==
{{See also|Social cognitive neuroscience}}
Early interest in the relationship between brain function and social cognition includes the case of [[Phineas Gage]], whose behaviour was reported to have changed after an accident damaged one or both of his frontal lobes. More recent [[neuropsychological]] studies have shown that [[acquired brain injury|brain injuries]] disrupt social cognitive processes. For example, damage to the frontal lobes can affect emotional responses to social stimuli<ref>{{cite book |last=Harmon-Jones |first=E. |author2=Winkielman, P. |year=2007 |title=Social Neuroscience: Integrating Biological and Psychological Explanations of Social Behavior |publisher=Guilford Press |isbn=978-1-59385-404-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/socialneuroscien00eddi }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Descartes' Error: Emotion, reason and the human brain |last=Damasio |first=A.R. |year=1994 |publisher=Picador |location=New York |isbn=978-0-333-65656-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hornak |first=J. |author2=Rolls, E.T. |author3=Wade, D.  |year=1996 |title=Face and voice expression identification in patients with emotional and behavioral changes following ventral frontal lobe damage |journal=Neuropsychologia |volume=34 |pages=247–61 |doi=10.1016/0028-3932(95)00106-9 |pmid=8657356 |issue=4|s2cid=35269740 }}</ref> and performance on [[theory of mind]] tasks.<ref name=BaronCohen>{{cite journal |last=Stone |first=V.E. |author2=Baron-Cohen, S. |author3= Knight, R.T.  |title=Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind |journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |volume=10 |pages=640–56 |year=1998 |doi=10.1162/089892998562942 |pmid=9802997 |issue=5|citeseerx=10.1.1.330.1488 |s2cid=207724498 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Brunet |first=E. |author2=Sarfati, Y. |author3=Hardy-Bayle, MC. |author4=Decety, J. |year=2000 |title=A PET investigation of attribution of intentions to others with a non-verbal task |journal=NeuroImage |volume=11 |pages=157–66 |doi=10.1006/nimg.1999.0525 |pmid=10679187 |issue=2|s2cid=11846982 }}</ref> In the [[temporal lobe]], damage to the [[fusiform gyrus]] can lead to the [[prosopagnosia|inability to recognize faces]]. {{Citation needed|reason=i did not find this information|date=February 2024}}

People with [[psychological disorder]]s such as [[autism]],<ref name="Striano"/><ref name="Subbaraju et al">{{cite journal |journal=European Journal of Neuroscience|year=2017 |title= Identification of lateralized compensatory neural activities within the social brain due to autism spectrum disorder in adolescent males |vauthors= Subbaraju V, Sundaram S, Narasimhan S |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=631–642 |doi=10.1111/ejn.13634|pmid=28661076 |s2cid=4306986 }}</ref> [[psychosis]],<ref name="Billeke-Aboitiz-2013"/><ref name="Fusar-Poli-2012">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fusar-Poli | first1 = P. | last2 = Deste | first2 = G. | last3 = Smieskova | first3 = R. | last4 = Barlati | first4 = S. | last5 = Yung | first5 = AR. | last6 = Howes | first6 = O. | last7 = Stieglitz | first7 = RD. | last8 = Vita | first8 = A. | last9 = McGuire | first9 = P. | title = Cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: a meta-analysis | journal = Arch Gen Psychiatry | volume = 69 | issue = 6 | pages = 562–71 |date=Jun 2012 | doi = 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1592 | pmid = 22664547  | last10 = Borgwardt  | first10 = Stefan | doi-access =  }}</ref> [[mood disorder]],<ref name="Billeke-elal-2013">{{Cite journal  | last1 =Billeke | first1 = P. | last2 =  Boardman | first2 = S.  | last3 = Doraiswamy | first3 = P.  |  title = Social cognition in major depressive disorder: A new paradigm?| journal =Translational Neuroscience  | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 437–447 |date=December 2013 | doi=10.2478/s13380-013-0147-9| s2cid = 144849027 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=APA PsycNet|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-12578-002|access-date=2020-08-30|website=psycnet.apa.org|language=en}}</ref> [[posttraumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nazarov|first1=Anthony|last2=Walaszczyk|first2=Victoria|last3=Frewen|first3=Paul|last4=Oremus|first4=Carolina|last5=Lanius|first5=Ruth|last6=McKinnon|first6=Margaret C.|date=2016-11-01|title=Moral reasoning in women with posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse|journal=European Journal of Psychotraumatology|volume=7|issue=s2|pages=31028|doi=10.3402/ejpt.v7.31028|pmid=27837580|pmc=5106867|issn=2000-8198}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nazarov|first1=A.|last2=Frewen|first2=P.|last3=Parlar|first3=M.|last4=Oremus|first4=C.|last5=MacQueen|first5=G.|last6=McKinnon|first6=M.|last7=Lanius|first7=R.|date=2014|title=Theory of mind performance in women with posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|language=en|volume=129|issue=3|pages=193–201|doi=10.1111/acps.12142|pmid=23662597|s2cid=35899724|issn=1600-0447}}</ref> [[Williams syndrome]], [[antisocial personality disorder]],<ref name=BlairMitchellBlair/> [[Fragile X]], [[Turner's syndrome]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mazzocco |first1=M.M.M. |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |title=Social Functioning Among Girls with Fragile X or Turner Syndrome and Their Sisters |volume=28 |issue=6 |year=1998 |pages=509–17 |doi=10.1023/A:1026000111467 |pmid=9932237  |last2=Baumgardner|first2=Thomas|last3=Freund |first3=Lisa S. |last4=Reiss|first4=Allan L.|s2cid=40061340 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> and [[ADHD]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morellini |first1=Lucia |last2=Ceroni |first2=Martino |last3=Rossi |first3=Stefania |last4=Zerboni |first4=Giorgia |last5=Rege-Colet |first5=Laura |last6=Biglia |first6=Elena |last7=Morese |first7=Rosalba |last8=Sacco |first8=Leonardo |date=2022-07-11 |title=Social Cognition in Adult ADHD: A Systematic Review |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=English |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2022.940445 |doi-access=free |pmid=35898990 |issn=1664-1078|pmc=9311421 }}</ref> show differences in social behavior compared to their unaffected peers. Parents with PTSD show disturbances in at least one aspect of social cognition: namely, [[joint attention]] with their young children only after a laboratory-induced relational stressor as compared to healthy parents without PTSD.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Schechter, D.S.|author2=Willheim, E.|author3=Hinojosa, C.|author4=Scholfield-Kleinman, K.|author5=Turner, J.B.|author6=McCaw, J.|author7=Zeanah, C.H.|author8=Myers, M.M.|year=2010|title=Subjective and objective measures of parent-child relationship dysfunction, child separation distress, and joint attention|journal=Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes|volume=73|issue=2|pages=130–44|doi=10.1521/psyc.2010.73.2.130|pmid=20557225|s2cid=5132495}}</ref> However, whether social cognition is underpinned by domain-specific neural mechanisms is still an open issue.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stone |first=V.E. |author2=Gerrans, P.  |year=2006 |title=What's domain-specific about theory of mind |journal=Social Neuroscience |volume=1 |issue=3–4 |pages=309–19 |doi=10.1080/17470910601029221 |pmid=18633796|s2cid=24446270 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=APA PsycNet|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-05660-005|access-date=2020-08-30|website=psycnet.apa.org|language=en}}</ref> There is now an expanding research field examining how such conditions may bias cognitive processes involved in social interaction, or conversely, how such biases may lead to the symptoms associated with the condition.

The development of social cognitive processes in infants and children has also been researched extensively (see [[developmental psychology]]). For example, it has been suggested that some aspects of psychological processes that promote social behavior (such as [[Face perception|facial recognition]]) may be [[psychological nativism|innate]]. {{Citation needed|reason=Who suggested|date=February 2024}} Consistent with this, very young babies recognize and selectively respond to social stimuli such as the voice, face and scent of their mother.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bremner |first=J.G. |title=Infancy |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/infancy0000brem |chapter-url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/infancy0000brem/page/182 182–3] |chapter=Chapter 5: Social Development |year=1994 |publisher=B. Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-14809-8}}.</ref> From the perspective of the shared intentionality hypothesis, social behavior of these organisms with simple reflexes emerges due to social cognition in social interaction with caregivers. Numerous hyper-scanning research studies in adults<ref name="pmid37563301" /><ref name="pmid34188170" /><ref name="pmid29292232" /><ref name="pmid28284802" /> and mother-child dyads<ref>Atilla, F.; Alimardani, M.; Kawamoto, T.; Hiraki, K. (2023). "Mother-child inter-brain synchrony during a mutual visual search task: A study of feedback valence and role." ''Social Neuroscience,'' 18:4, 232-244, DOI:10.1080/17470919.2023.2228545</ref> support the shared intentionality nature of social behavior in young children (see the section Development).