Editing Stanford prison experiment (section)

== Events ==

=== Saturday, August 14: Set up ===
The small mock prison cells were set up, and the participants who had been assigned a guard role attended an orientation where they were briefed and given uniforms.<ref name=":4" />

===Sunday, August 15: Day 1===
[[File:SPE1971-arrest-of-prisoner-8612.jpg|thumb|Arrest of prisoners|alt=Photo of a person being arrested in the street by a policeman. The policeman is fixing the person's arms behind his back and pushing him towards a police car. One person kneeling at the side of the car is taking pictures. Two children in the foreground are watching the scene.]]

The participants who had been assigned a prisoner role were mock-arrested by the local [[Palo Alto]] police at their homes or assigned sites.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|2–5}} The participants were intentionally not informed that they would be arrested, as the researchers wanted it to come as a surprise.<ref name=":0" /> This was a breach of the ethics of Zimbardo's own contract that all of the participants had signed.<ref name=":0" /> The arrest involved charging them with armed robbery and burglary, Penal Codes 211 and 459, respectively. The Palo Alto police department assisted Zimbardo's team with the simulated arrests and performed full booking procedures on the prisoners at the Palo Alto City police headquarters, which included warning of Miranda rights, [[fingerprint]]ing, and taking of [[mug shot]]s. All of these actions were video-documented by a local San Francisco television station reporter using Zimbardo's car. Meanwhile, three guards prepared for the arrival of the inmates. The prisoners were then transported to the mock prison from the police station, sirens wailing. In the "Stanford County Jail" they were systematically [[strip search]]ed and given their new identities (inmate identification number) and uniform.<ref name=":4"/>{{rp|2–5}}

Prisoners wore uncomfortable, ill-fitting smocks without any underwear and stocking caps, as well as a chain around one ankle. Guards were instructed to call prisoners by their assigned numbers, sewn on their uniforms, instead of by name, thereby dehumanizing prisoners. The prisoners were then greeted by the warden, who conveyed the seriousness of their offence and their new status as prisoners. With the rules of the prison presented to them, the inmates retired to their cells for the rest of the first day of the experiment.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|2–5}}

===Monday, August 16: Day 2===
[[File:SPE1971_prisoner_lineup.jpg|thumb|Prisoners lineup|alt=Several white male people lined up along a white wall. They are wearing identical white smocks with numbertags on their chests. Their hair is covered by nylon and cotton bonnets.]]Guards referred to prisoners by their identification numbers and confined them to their small cells. At 2:30 am the prisoners rebelled against guards' wake up calls of whistles and clanging of batons. Prisoners refused to leave their cells to eat in the yard, ripped off their inmate number tags, took off their stocking caps and insulted the guards.

[[File:SPE1971-parole-hearing-day-2.jpg|thumb|Parole hearing{{Clarify|reason=The article doesn't mention the parole hearing|date=January 2022}}|alt=B/w photo of several white and one black person who are sitting at a table with a whiteboard on the wall behind. They are all looking to one white male person sitting at the table wearing a white t-shirt with a number on the chest.]]
In response, guards sprayed fire extinguishers at the prisoners to reassert control. The three back-up guards were called in to help regain control of the prison. Guards removed all of the prisoners' clothes, removed mattresses and sentenced the main instigators to time in the special detention unit. They attempted to dissuade any further rebellion using psychological warfare. One of the guards said to the other that, "these are dangerous prisoners".<ref name=":4"/>{{rp|5–8}}

=== Tuesday, August 17: Day 3 ===
In order to restrict further acts of disobedience, the guards separated and rewarded prisoners who had minor roles in the rebellion. The three spent time in the "good" cell where they received clothing, beds, and food denied to the rest of the jail population. After an estimated 12 hours, the three returned to their old cells that lacked beds.

Guards were allowed to abuse their power to humiliate the inmates. They had the prisoners count off and do pushups arbitrarily, restricted access to the bathrooms, and forced them to relieve themselves in a bucket in their cells.

==== Prisoner 8612 ====
The first prisoner to leave the experiment was Douglas Korpi, prisoner 8612. After 36 hours, he had an apparent mental breakdown in which he yelled, "Jesus Christ, I'm burning up inside" and "I can't stand another night! I just can't take it anymore!" Upon seeing his suffering, research assistant Craig Haney released Korpi.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|8–11}}

In 1992, in a documentary movie about the study, ''Quiet Rage'', Korpi asserted that the prison experiment had deeply affected him, and that experience caused him to later become a prison psychologist.<ref name="auto" /> However, in a 2017 interview, Korpi stated that his breakdown had been fake, and that he did it only so that he could leave and return to studying for his Graduate Record Exam; he had originally thought that he could study while "imprisoned", but the "prison staff" would not allow him. Korpi expressed regret that he had not filed a false imprisonment charge at the time.

Zimbardo responded to this criticism in 2018. First, while this experiment has been criticized overall for its ethics, Zimbardo stated that he needed to treat the breakdown as real and release the prisoner. Further, Zimbardo believes Korpi's 2017 interview was a lie.<ref name="auto" />

[[File:SPE1971-prisoner-breaks-down.jpg|thumb|Prisoner breaks down.|alt=Photo of a white male person sitting in a seminar chair, bending over and hiding his face in his elbow. He is wearing a long white cotton smock and no pants.]]

===Wednesday, August 18: Day 4===
Witnessing that guards were dividing prisoners based on their good or rebellious behavior, the inmates started to distance themselves from one another. Rioters believed that other prisoners were snitches and vice versa. Other prisoners considered the rebels as a threat to the status quo since they wanted to have their sleeping cots and clothes again.

==== Prisoner 819 ====

"Prisoner 819" began showing symptoms of distress and began crying in his cell. A priest was brought in to speak with him, but the young man refused to talk with him and instead asked for a medical doctor. After hearing him cry, Zimbardo reassured him of his actual identity and removed the prisoner. When "Prisoner 819" was speaking with Zimbardo, the guards cajoled the remaining inmates to loudly and repeatedly decry that "819 did a bad thing". "Prisoner 819" broke down immensely as he heard them calling him "bad". Zimbardo released 819 and gave him his pay. <ref name=":4"/>{{rp|11–12}}

===Thursday, August 19: Day 5===
The day was scheduled for visitations by friends and family of the inmates in order to simulate the prison experience.[[File:SPE1971-guards_walking_in_SPE_yard.jpg|thumb|Guards walking in SPE yard|alt=Black and white photo of a white hallway with a plaque reading "Stanford County Prison". Two white male guards in uniforms wearing sunglasses walk along the hallway. One white male guard is sitting on top of a table in a corner in the background.|left]]

Zimbardo and the guards made visitors wait for long periods of time to see their loved ones. Only two visitors could see any one prisoner and only for just ten minutes while a guard watched. Parents grew concerned about their sons' well-being and whether they had enough to eat. Some parents left with plans to contact lawyers to gain early release of their children.

On the same day, Zimbardo's colleague [[Gordon H. Bower]] arrived to check on the experiment and questioned Zimbardo about what the [[Independent Variable|independent variable]] of the research was. [[Christina Maslach]] also visited the prison that night and was distressed after observing the guards abusing the prisoners, forcing them to wear bags over their heads. She challenged Zimbardo about his lack of caring oversight and the immorality of the study. Finally, she made evident that Zimbardo had been changed by his role as Superintendent into someone she did not recognize and did not like. Her direct challenge, as well as the shared opinion from others, such as Curtis Banks (researcher), prompted Zimbardo to end the SPE the next day.<ref name=":4"/>{{rp|13–16}}

=== Friday, August 20: Day 6 ===
[[File:SPE1971 Jaffe, Hanley and Zimbardo.jpg|thumb|David Jaffe, [[Craig Haney]] and Zimbardo|alt=Photo of three white male people wearing shirts and ties talking to each other in front of a white wall. They are standíng beside a tape recording machine.]]
[[File:SPE1971-debriefing-session-with-participants.jpg|thumb|Debriefing|alt=B/w photograph of a group of male people dressed in casual shirts, sitting in a circle in a room looking in the same direction. The room is furnished with desks and a TV-set.]]
Due to Maslach's objections, the parents' concerns, and the increasing brutality exhibited by guards in the experiment, Zimbardo ended the study on day 6. Zimbardo gathered the participants (guards, prisoners, and researchers) to let them know that the experiment was over, and he arranged to pay them for the six days the experiment lasted. Zimbardo then met for several hours of informed debriefing first with all of the prisoners, then the guards, and finally everyone came together to share their experiences. Next, all participants were asked to complete a personal retrospective to be mailed to him subsequently. Finally, all participants were invited to return a week later to share their opinions and emotions.

Later, the physical components of the Stanford County Jail were taken down and out of the basement of Jordan Hall as the cells returned to their usual function as graduate student offices.&nbsp;Zimbardo and his graduate student research team, Craig Haney and Curtis Banks, began compiling the multiple sources of data that would be the basis for several articles they soon wrote, both about their experiment and for Zimbardo's later expanded and detailed review of the SPE in ''The Lucifer Effect'' (2007).<ref name=":4"/>{{rp|16–17}}