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=== Baden-Württemberg === The military government of the [[American Occupation of Germany|American occupation zone]] established a [[Displaced persons camp]] for [[displaced person]]s, mostly [[Forced labor under German rule during World War II|forced labourers]] from Central and Eastern European industrial firms in the area.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Displaced persons camps |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CI%5CDisplacedpersonscamps.htm |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505010843/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CI%5CDisplacedpersonscamps.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> There was, however, a camp located in [[Stuttgart-West]] that, until its closure and transportation of internees to [[Heidenheim an der Brenz]] in 1949, housed almost exclusively 1400 Jewish survivors of the [[Shoah]]. An early concept of the [[Marshall Plan]] aimed at supporting reconstruction and economic/political recovery across Europe was presented [[Restatement of Policy on Germany|during a speech 6 September 1946]] given by [[US Secretary of State]] [[James F. Byrnes]] at the Stuttgart [[Staatsoper Stuttgart|Opera House]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Speech by J.F. Byrnes, United States Secretary of State Restatement of Policy on Germany Stuttgart |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-460906.htm |website=usa.usembassy.de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020111256/https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-460906.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> His speech led to the unification of the British and American occupation zones, resulting in the 'bi-zone' (later the 'tri-zone' when the French reluctantly agreed to cede their occupied territory to the new state). In 1948, the city applied to become the capital of the soon to-be [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]], and was a serious contender against [[Frankfurt]], [[Kassel]], and [[Bonn]]. All these cities were examined by the [[Parlamentarischer Rat]],<ref name=Ennen>{{cite journal |last1=Ennen |first1=Edith |last2=Höroldt |first2=Dietrich |title=Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Bonn |journal=Stollfuß Verlag |date=1967 |pages=278–279}}</ref> but ultimately Bonn won the bid when the Republic was founded on 23 May 1949.<ref name=Ennen/> The city's bid for capital failed primarily because of the financial burdens its high rents would place on the government. The immediate aftermath of the War would be marked by the controversial efforts of [[Arnulf Klett]], the first [[Lord mayor|Oberbürgermeister]] of Stuttgart, to restore the city. Klett favored the idea of a [[modernist]] [[Automotive city]] with functional divisions for residential, commercial and industrial areas according to the [[Athens Charter]]. Klett demolished both ruins and entire streets of largely undamaged buildings without rebuilding them to their original visage, a move that earned him much scorn from his contemporaries. In the 150th year since his death (1955), the last remnant of the alma mater of [[Friedrich Schiller]], the Karlsschule, was removed in favor of an expansion to the [[Bundesstraße 14]]. Klett also dramatically expanded the [[public transportation]] of Stuttgart with the [[Stuttgart Stadtbahn]] and, in 1961, initiated a [[Twin towns and sister cities|city partnership]] with the French city of [[Strasbourg]] as part of an attempt to mend [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]]. It would be finalized in 1962 and is still active today.<ref name=Strasbourg>{{cite web |title=Strasbourg, twin city |url=http://www.en.strasbourg.eu/en/europe-international/partnerships-and-solidarity/strasbourg-twin-city/ |website=en.strasbourg.eu |publisher=City of Strasbourg |language=de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020080531/http://en.strasbourg.eu/en/europe-international/partnerships-and-solidarity/strasbourg-twin-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Klett's Stuttgart saw two major media events: the same year the partnership with Strasbourg was finalized, then [[President of France|French president]] Charles de Gaulle visited the city and [[Ludwigsburg Palace]] in the ending moments of his state visit to Germany,<ref>{{cite web |title=Stuttgart und Ludwigsburg: Abschied mit Rede an die deutsche Jugend |url=http://www.degaulle.lpb-bw.de/rede_deutschlandreise_3.html |publisher=Landeszantrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg |language=de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003003/http://www.degaulle.lpb-bw.de/rede_deutschlandreise_3.html |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Queen Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom visited the city 24 May 1965.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Theophil |first1=Roland |title=Die Queen besucht Stuttgart |url=http://www.vonzeitzuzeit.de/index.php?template=thema&theme_id=96 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208032831/http://www.vonzeitzuzeit.de/index.php?template=thema&theme_id=96 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2017 |website=vonzeitzuzeit.de |publisher=Stuttgarter-Zeitung |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref> On 25 April 1952, the other two parts of the former German states of [[Baden]] and [[Württemberg]], [[South Baden]] and [[Württemberg-Hohenzollern]] merged and formed the modern German state of [[Baden-Württemberg]], with Stuttgart as its capital.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our State |url=https://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de/en/our-state/ |publisher=Baden-Württemberg |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135812/https://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de/en/our-state/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the 1950s, Stuttgart has been the third largest city in [[southern Germany]] behind [[Frankfurt]] and [[Munich]]. The city's population, halved by the Second World War, began sudden growth with the mass influx of [[Heimatvertriebene|German refugees]] [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)|expelled from their homes and communities]] by the Soviets from the late 1940s until 1950 to the city. [[Economic migrants]], called "''[[Gastarbeiter]]''", from Italy, and later Greece and Turkey but primarily from [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], came flocking to Stuttgart because of the economic wonder called the "''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''" unfolding in [[West Germany]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://servicex.stuttgart.de/lhs-services/komunis/documents/5563_1_Auslaender_in_Stuttgart_1955_bis_2005.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608074929/https://servicex.stuttgart.de/lhs-services/komunis/documents/5563_1_Auslaender_in_Stuttgart_1955_bis_2005.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 June 2019 |title=Ausländer in Stuttgart 1955 bis 2005 |publisher=Statistik und Informationsmanagement |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref> These factors saw the city reach its (then) peak population of 640,000 in 1962. In May 1965 [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] made a [[List of state visits made by Elizabeth II#As Queen of the United Kingdom|state visit]] to Stuttgart and nearby [[Marbach am Neckar|Marbach]] and [[Schwäbisch Hall]]. Her great-grandfather [[Francis, Duke of Teck|Duke Francis]] (1837–1900) had been a member of the Württemberg royal family. In the late 1970s, the municipal district of Stammheim was centre stage to one of the most controversial periods of German post-war history. [[Stammheim Prison]], built from 1959 to 1963, came to be the place of incarceration for [[Ulrike Meinhof]], [[Andreas Baader]], [[Gudrun Ensslin]], and [[Jan-Carl Raspe]], members of a communist terrorist organization known as the [[Red Army Faction]], during [[Stammheim trials|their trial]] at the [[Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart]] in 1975. Several attempts were made by the organization to free the terrorists during the "[[German Autumn]]" of 1977 that culminated in such events as the [[Kidnapping and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer|kidnap and murder]] of [[Hanns-Martin Schleyer]] and the hijacking of [[Lufthansa Flight 181]]. When it became clear, after many attempts to free the inmates including the smuggling of three weapons into the prison by their lawyer,<ref>{{cite news |last=Kellerhof |first=Sven Felix |access-date=14 October 2018 |title=Anwälte, die Sprengstoff zu Terroristen trugen |url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/history/article108567166/Anwaelte-die-Sprengstoff-zu-Terroristen-trugen.html |work=Die Welt |archive-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113001043/https://www.welt.de/kultur/history/article108567166/Anwaelte-die-Sprengstoff-zu-Terroristen-trugen.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Knobbe |first1=Martin |title=Der Ankläger und sein Informant |url=https://www.stern.de/politik/deutschland/ehemaliger-raf-helfer-der-anklaeger-und-sein-informant-3356358.html |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=Stern |date=27 April 2007 |language=de |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116214821/https://www.stern.de/politik/deutschland/ehemaliger-raf-helfer-der-anklaeger-und-sein-informant-3356358.html |url-status=live }}</ref> that the terrorists could not escape and that they would receive [[Life sentence|life sentencing]], the terrorists killed themselves{{efn|Meinhof had by this point already committed suicide via hanging in her cell, 9 May 1976.}} in April 1977 in an event remembered locally as the "''Todesnacht von Stammheim''", "Night of Death at Stammheim". The trauma of the early 1970s was quickly left behind, starting in 1974 with the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]] and the opening of the [[Stuttgart S-Bahn]] on 1 October 1978 with a scheduled three routes. from 17 to 19 June 1983, ten European heads of state and representatives from the [[European Union]] met in Stuttgart for a summit and there made the [[Solemn Declaration on European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The European Council [Stuttgart Summit 1983], Stuttgart, 17–19 June 1983 |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/1788/1/stuttgart_declaration_1983.pdf |publisher=Pittsburgh University |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=20 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420085502/http://aei.pitt.edu/1788/1/stuttgart_declaration_1983.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1986, the [[1986 European Athletics Championships|European Athletics Championships of that year]] were held in the [[MHPArena|Neckarstadion]]. [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], while on a trip to [[West Germany]] to offer a spot for a West German astronaut in a Soviet space mission,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moser |first1=Patrick |title=Gorbachev invites West German on Soviet space mission |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/06/14/Gorbachev-invites-West-German-on-Soviet-space-mission/2663613800000/ |work=UPI |date=14 June 1989 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115235059/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/06/14/Gorbachev-invites-West-German-on-Soviet-space-mission/2663613800000/ |url-status=live }}</ref> visited Stuttgart 14 June 1989 and was the honored guest of a sumptuous reception held at the [[New Palace (Stuttgart)|New Palace]].{{sfn|Sauer|p=140}} Since the monumental happenings of the 1980s, Stuttgart has continued being an important centre of not just Europe, but also the world. In 1993, the [[1993 World Horticultural Exposition|World Horticultural Exposition]], for which two new bridges were built,<ref>{{cite web |title=Internationale Gartenbauausstellung 1993 |url=https://structurae.net/structures/internationale-gartenbauausstellung-1993 |publisher=Structurae |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003125/https://structurae.net/structures/internationale-gartenbauausstellung-1993 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[1993 World Championships in Athletics|World Athletics Championships]] of that year took place in Stuttgart in the Killesburg park and Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion respectively, bringing millions of new visitors to the city. At the 1993 WCA, British athlete [[Sally Gunnell]] and the United States Relay team [[1993 in athletics (track and field)#World records|both set world records]]. In 2003, Stuttgart applied for the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] but failed in their bid when the German Committee for the Olympics decided on [[Leipzig]] to host the Olympics in Germany. Three years later, in 2006, Stuttgart once again hosted the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|FIFA World Cup]] as it had in 1974. Stuttgart still experienced some growing pains even long after its recovery from the Second World War. In 2010, the inner city become the focal point of the [[Protest against Stuttgart 21|protests against the controversial]] [[Stuttgart 21]]. ==== US military in Stuttgart ==== Since shortly after the end of World War II, there has been a US military presence in Stuttgart. At the height of the [[Cold War]] over 45,000 Americans were stationed across over 40 installations in and around the city.<ref>{{cite web |last=Reserve |first=Army |url=http://www.eucom.mil/article/20940/stuttgart-military-community-a-look-back-to-1967 |title=Stuttgart military community: A look back to 1967 | EUCOM, Stronger Together |publisher=Eucom.mil |access-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404065358/http://www.eucom.mil/article/20940/stuttgart-military-community-a-look-back-to-1967 |archive-date=4 April 2013}}</ref> Today about 10,000 Americans are stationed on 5 installations (Patch Barracks, Panzer Kaserne, Kelley Barracks, Robinson Barracks, and Stuttgart Army Airfield) representing all branches of service within the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], unlike the mostly Army presence of the Occupation and Cold War. In March 1946 the [[US Army]] established a unit of the [[US Constabulary]] and a headquarters at Kurmärker Kaserne (later renamed [[Patch Barracks]]) in Stuttgart. These units of soldiers retrained in patrol and policing provided the law and order in the American zone of occupied Germany until the civilian German police forces could be re-established.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/constab-ip.html |title=The U.S. Constabulary in Post-War Germany (1946–52) |publisher=History.army.mil |date=1 July 1946 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011115116/https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/constab-ip.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1948 the headquarters for all Constabulary forces was moved to Stuttgart.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usarmygermany.com/Units/USConstabulary/HQ%20Con%20profile.htm |title=United States Constabulary, Bamberg/Heidelberg/Vaihingen, Germany, 1946–1950 |publisher=USArmyGermany.com |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424021401/http://www.usarmygermany.com/Units/USConstabulary/HQ%20Con%20profile.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008 a memorial to the US Constabulary was installed and dedicated at Patch Barracks.<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Vandiver |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/monument-unveiled-for-u-s-constabulary-1.85211 |title=Monument unveiled for U.S. Constabulary |work=Stripes |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015004403/https://www.stripes.com/news/monument-unveiled-for-u-s-constabulary-1.85211 |url-status=live }}</ref> The US Constabulary headquarters was disbanded in 1950 and most of the force was merged into the newly organized [[Seventh Army (United States)|7th Army]]. As the Cold War developed US Army [[VII Corps (United States)|VII Corps]] was re-formed in July 1950 and assigned to Hellenen Kaserne (renamed [[Kelley Barracks]] in 1951) where the headquarters was to remain throughout the Cold War. In 1990 VII Corps was deployed directly from Germany to [[Saudi Arabia]] for Operations [[Desert Shield]] and [[Desert Storm]] to include many of the VII Corps troops stationed in and around Stuttgart. After returning from the Middle East, the bulk of VII Corps units were reassigned to the United States or deactivated. The VII Corps Headquarters returned to Germany for a short period to close out operations and was deactivated later in the United States. The withdrawal of VII Corps caused a large reduction in the US military presence in the city and region and led to the closure of the majority of US installations in and around Stuttgart which resulted in the layoff of many local civilians who had been career employees of the US Army.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eur.army.mil/organization/history.htm#post |title=History |publisher=Eur.army.mil |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307190247/http://www.eur.army.mil/organization/history.htm#post |archive-date=7 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 1967, Patch Barracks in Stuttgart has been home to the US [[United States European Command|EUCOM]]. In 2007 [[United States Africa Command|AFRICOM]] was established as a cell within EUCOM and in 2008 established as the US [[Unified Combatant Command]] responsible for most of Africa headquartered at Kelley Barracks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.africom.mil/media-room/Article/6331/us-africa-command-stands-up |title=U.S. Africa Command Stands Up |publisher=Africom.mil |access-date=14 October 2018 |date=9 October 2008 |first=Colonel Robert |last=Killebrew (Retired) |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002928/https://www.africom.mil/media-room/Article/6331/us-africa-command-stands-up |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to these 2 major headquarters, Stuttgart has been identified as one of the few "enduring communities" where the United States forces will continue to operate in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://media.defense.gov/2018/May/03/2001911883/-1/-1/0/02162012%20DOD%20ANNOUNCES%20PLANS%20TO%20ADJUST%20POSTURE%20OF%20LAND%20FORCES%20IN%20EUROPE.PDF |title=DOD announces plans to adjust posture of land forces in Europe |publisher=Media.Defense.Gov |date=16 February 2012 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042036/https://media.defense.gov/2018/May/03/2001911883/-1/-1/0/02162012%20DOD%20ANNOUNCES%20PLANS%20TO%20ADJUST%20POSTURE%20OF%20LAND%20FORCES%20IN%20EUROPE.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> The remaining U.S. bases around Stuttgart are organized into US Army Garrison Stuttgart and include Patch Barracks, [[Robinson Barracks]], [[Panzer Kaserne]] and Kelley Barracks.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} From the end of [[World War II]] until the early 1990s these installations excepting Patch were almost exclusively Army, but have become increasingly "Purple"—as in joint service—since the end of the Cold War as they are host to [[United States Department of Defense]] Unified Commands and supporting activities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stuttgart.army.mil/Home/Tenant%20Units.html |title=Tenant Units |access-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920024212/http://www.stuttgart.army.mil/Home/Tenant%20Units.html |archive-date=20 September 2012}}</ref>
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