Open main menu
Home
Random
Recent changes
Special pages
Community portal
Preferences
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Incubator escapee wiki
Search
User menu
Talk
Dark mode
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Editing
Tel Hazor
(section)
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
===Late Bronze Age=== {{hiero|ḥwḏꜣr<ref name=Gauthier24>{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 4 |date=1927 |page=24 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1927/page/n15}}</ref><ref name=Budge1021>{{cite book |last1=Wallis Budge |first1=E. A. |title=An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II |date=1920 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/1021 1021] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft}}</ref>|<hiero>F18:Y1-U28-G1-D21:Z1:N25</hiero>|era=nk|align=left}} At the beginning of the early [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]], [[Ahmose I]] started military campaigns into the southern Levant to evict the Hyksos. Several cities were attacked and more military campaigns came with [[Thutmose I]] and later [[Thutmose III]]. Under Thutmose III [[Canaan]] was an Egyptian [[vassal state]]. In the Amarna Period (c. 14th century BCE), the king of Hazor (Hasura) saw its petty king [[Abdi-Tirshi]], as swearing loyalty to the Egyptian pharaoh. In Amarna Tablet EA 148, [[Abimilki|Abi-Milku]], the king of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], accused to pharaoh that the land of Hazor is taken by [[ʿApiru|Habiru]] and the king of Hazor aligned with [[ʿApiru|Habiru]], and in EA 228, the king of Hazor requests the pharaoh to remember the harm that is done (by [[ʿApiru|Habiru/ʿApiru]] or neighboring cities) against his city.<ref>Moran, William L. (1992). [https://archive.org/details/amarnaletters0000unse_c3q4 The Amarna Letters]. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-4251-4.</ref> [[File:Amarna letter. A letter from Abdi-Tirshi (King of Hazor) to the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep III or his son Akhenaten. 14th century BCE. From Tell el-Amarna, Egypt. The British Museum.jpg|thumb|Amarna letter. A letter from Abdi-Tirshi (King of Hazor) to the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep III or his son Akhenaten. 14th century BCE. From Tell el-Amarna, Egypt. The British Museum]] According to the [[Book of Joshua]], Hazor was the seat of [[Jabin]], a powerful Canaanite king who led a Canaanite confederation against [[Joshua]], an Israelite military commander. However, Joshua and his soldiers defeated the Canaanites and burnt Hazor to the ground.<ref>Joshua 11:1–5, 11:10–13</ref> According to the [[Book of Judges]], Hazor was the seat of Jabin, the king of Canaan, whose commander, [[Sisera]], led a Canaanite army against [[Barak]], but was ultimately defeated.<ref>Judges 4</ref> [[Textual criticism|Textual scholars]] believe that the prose account of Barak, which differs from the [[poem|poetic]] account in the [[Song of Deborah]], is a conflation of accounts of two separate events, one concerning Barak and Sisera like the poetic account, the other concerning Jabin's confederation and defeat.<ref name=Peakes>''[[Peake's commentary on the Bible]]''</ref> [[File:Tel hatzor.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Aerial photo of Tel Hazor. Remains of Iron and Bronze Age cities are seen in the upper tell, and the lower tell stretches to the right and beyond the frame of this photo.]] Amnon Ben-Tor of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] believes that recently unearthed evidence of violent destruction by burning verifies the Biblical account.<ref>Ben-tor, Amnon (2013). [https://www.academia.edu/35948616/Who_Destroyed_Canaanite_Hazor «Who Destroyed Canaanite Hazor?»]. BAR.</ref> In 2012, a team led Ben-Tor and Sharon Zuckerman discovered a scorched palace from the 13th century BCE in whose storerooms they found ewers holding burned crops; Sharon Zuckerman did not agree with Ben-Tor's theory, and claimed that the burning was the result of the city's numerous factions opposing each other with excessive force.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/a-3-400-year-old-mystery-who-burned-the-palace-of-canaanite-hatzor-1.453095 A 3,400-year-old mystery: Who burned the palace of Canaanite Hatzor], [[Haaretz]]</ref> [[Israel Finkelstein]] claims that the Israelites emerged as a subculture within Canaanite society and rejects the biblical account of the Israelite conquest of Canaan.<ref name=Finkelstein>[[Israel Finkelstein]], ''[[The Bible Unearthed]]''</ref> In this view, the Book of Joshua conflates several independent battles between disparate groups over the centuries, and artificially attributes them to a single leader, Joshua.<ref name=Peakes /> One archaeological [[stratum]] dating from around 1200 BCE (13th century BCE) shows signs of catastrophic fire, and cuneiform tablets found at the site refer to monarchs named ''Ibni Addi'', where ''Ibni'' may be the [[etymology|etymological]] origin of ''Yavin'' (''Jabin'').<ref>https://embassies.gov.il/MFA/IsraelExperience/history/Pages/Hatzor%20-%20The%20Head%20of%20all%20those%20Kingdoms.aspx {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> The city also show signs of having been a magnificent Canaanite city prior to its destruction, with great temples and opulent palaces, split into an upper [[acropolis]], and lower city; the town evidently had been a major Canaanite city. He theorized that the destruction of Hazor was the result of civil strife, attacks by the [[Sea Peoples]], and/or a result of the [[Bronze Age collapse|general collapse]] of civilization across the whole [[Eastern Mediterranean]] in the Late Bronze Age.<ref name=Finkelstein /> More recently, Shlomit Bechar holds that a complex of cultic standing stones (''matzebot'') from the Iron I and Iron IIa Israelite strata at Hazor was built to commemorate the Israelite conquest of the city. She writes that, whether the Israelites did destroy Hazor or not, this complex shows that the conquest tradition probably emerged at an early date.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Take a Stone and Set It Up as a "Maṣṣẹ̄bā": The Tradition of Standing Stones at Hazor |journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26602398 |last=Bechar |first=Shlomit |issue=1 |volume=134 |pages=28–45 |year=2018 |jstor=26602398 |issn=0012-1169}}</ref> Some scholars argue the Book of Judges and Book of Joshua may be parallel accounts referring to the same events, rather than describing different time periods,<ref name=Peakes/><ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', Book of Joshua, Book of Judges</ref> and thus they may refer to the same Jabin, a powerful king based in Hazor, whose Canaanite confederation was defeated by an Israelite army.<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Jabin''</ref> Some Christian polemicists report that the [[Allah as a lunar deity|lunar origins of Allah]] can be found in Hazor, which has been criticized by archaeologists.<ref>[http://mquran.org/content/view/9276/16/ Reply To Robert Morey's Moon-God Allah Myth: A Look At The Archaeological Evidence], in ''mquran.org'', 22 November 2006</ref>
Edit summary
(Briefly describe your changes)
By publishing changes, you agree to the
Terms of Use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 4.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)