Editing Triple oppression (section)

== In various contexts ==

=== Political participation in South Africa ===
In "Gender, Social Location, and Feminist Politics in South Africa" (1991), [[Shireen Hassim]] discusses how triple oppression negatively affects South African women's participation in politics. She argues that the rhetoric surrounding triple oppression at the time of the article's publication focuses too hard on the "additive relation between these different dimensions of oppression," and not enough on their interdependent and intersecting facets.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hassim|first=Shireen|author-link=Shireen Hassim|year=1991|title=Gender, Social Location, and Feminist Politics in South Africa|url=http://pdfproc.lib.msu.edu/?file=/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/transformation/tran015/tran015005.pdf|journal=Transformation|volume=15|pages=65–82}}</ref> Black women workers' struggles are often disregarded as one identity gets the most political attention. Race is politically prioritized, so that gender is seen as less important within the patriarchy, among both women and men. Hassim argues that women's issues exist as political agendas only within broader ones, such as labor movements and resistance to racism. Discouraged by the unreliability created by feminism's bad reputation in South Africa, black women focus less on women's issues and more on anti-apartheid and labor issues, where they may receive more support.

Hassim goes on to explain that because of the intersections between [[capitalism]] and [[patriarchy]], labor, as a gendered issue, creates a "double shift" that discourages women from participating politically, because they are too busy juggling their roles as "wage-earners and managers of families". As women are "isolat[ed]...in the household", they are robbed of the opportunity to develop "a common consciousness of oppression or exploitation." If they cannot gather, women cannot organize. Hassim argues that it is a combination of patriarchal values that empower men and employment obligations in domestic and other service-based jobs that limit women's ability to become active in campaigns that would benefit them only: women's rights campaigns.

=== Employment opportunities for Mexican-Americans ===
Denise Segura argues that the social inequality women of color face cannot be properly explained by an analysis any one of the facets that constitute triple oppression, because their subordination in social hierarchies is relative to men, white people, and higher-income strata.<ref>Segura, Denise. (1984). [http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=naccs Chicanas and Triple Oppression in the Labor Force]. ''[[National Association of Chicana and Chicano Studies|National Association for Chicana and Chicano Studies]] Annual Conference. 12th Annual: Chicana Voices - Austin, Texas.'' Paper 9. 47–65.</ref> [[Chicano|Chicana]], or Mexican-American, women are subject to inequality in the home as well as in social contexts, such as the labor force. The relegation of women and minorities to traditionally low-paying jobs has made it so that Chicanas do not have many options for work outside of agriculture or domesticity, areas characterized by low wages and, therefore, low status. Discrimination based on race and gender and a reluctance to acculturate inhibit occupational mobility. Cultural cues and high [[Fertility factor (demography)|fertility]] also encourage Mexican-American women to remain in the home and bear children instead of participating in the work force. The combination of race and gender bias and the inability to obtain white-collar jobs form the basis for the triple oppression felt by Mexican-American women. In turn, triple oppression limits Chicanas' employment opportunities to low wages, lower than her male (Chicano) and white (women) counterparts, and "secondary" jobs e.g. clerical and factory jobs, effectively solidifying their status at the bottom of the social hierarchy.

=== Asian-American activism ===
Adrienne Ann Winans and [[Judy Tzu-Chun Wu]] argue that "othered" groups, such as racial minorities, suffer from poor job prospects because of their "designat[ion] as outsiders."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Widans |first1=Adrienne Ann |title=The Oxford Handbook of Asian American History |last2=Tzu-Chun Wu |first2=Judy |author-link2=Judy Tzu-Chun Wu |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780190614034 |location=New York |pages=470–483 |chapter=Not Adding and Stirring: Women's, Gender, and Sexuality History and the Transformation of Asian America |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXleCwAAQBAJ&q=critique+of+triple+oppression&pg=PT580}}</ref> Groups marginalized by legal status and patriarchal values often find only low-paying work with little to no benefits or [[job security]]. Poor employment opportunities contribute to an [[Intersectionality|intersectional]] subordination that includes [[Citizenship|legal status]], gender, and race. Asian-American women's organizational efforts in the 1960s and 1970s to counter such phenomena proved to facilitate them. According to Winans and Wu, female activists recognized a bias within their own activism circles which "relied on female labor but privileged male leadership." Other manifestations of triple oppression in the Asian-American community are the exploitation of immigrant female workers, and gender roles that prescribe a duty to the "double shift." Within the double shift, women are expected to not only procreate but also rear the products of their unions ''and'' contribute to the work force at the same time, a feat not demanded of their male counterparts.

=== Queer communities ===
While the term ''triple oppression'' has typically been reserved to describe the plights of working women of color, the phenomenon of three intersecting social burdens has plagued gay men of color. Diaz et al.'s 1999 study, published in the ''[[American Journal of Public Health]]'', found that the combined impact of [[Homophobia in ethnic minority communities|homophobia]], racism, and poverty cause adverse psychological effects in Latino men, including low self-esteem, depression, sleeping problems, anxiety, and social alienation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Diaz|first1=Rafael|last2=Ayala|first2=George|last3=Bein|first3=Edward|last4=Henne|first4=Jeff|last5=Marin|first5=Barbara|year=2001|title=The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual Latino men: Findings from 3 US cities|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=91 |issue=6|pages=927–932|doi=10.2105/ajph.91.6.927|pmid=11392936|pmc=1446470}}</ref> A factor that does not arise in typical analyses of triple oppression is HIV incidence, but this study concludes that HIV status as a source of social discrimination to the likes of race and class correlates with higher psychological symptoms. Gay men may benefit from [[male privilege]], but in any case, they too can experience a measure of oppression in the form of systemic homophobia, with incidents of violence, belittlement, familial disapproval, job discrimination and police harassment.

=== Catalan countries ===
Catalan nationalist left-wing feminists have theorised a ''triple oppression'' characterisation of the status of working-class Catalan women. Their perspective points out to capitalism, Spanish nationalism and patriarchy as three interlocking domination systems.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://gatamaulafeminista.blogspot.com.es/2014/11/quaderns-feministes-triple-opressio.html | title=Gatamaula: Quaderns Feministes: "Triple opressió" Articulant lluites| year=2014}}</ref>

=== See also ===
{{stack|{{Portal|Feminism|Politics|Socialism|United States}}}}
* [[Matrix of domination]]
* [[Oppression olympics]]
* [[Womanism]]