Editing Twelve-step program (section)

===Cultural identity===
One review warned of detrimental [[iatrogenesis|iatrogenic]] effects of twelve-step philosophy and labeled the organizations as [[cult]]s,<ref name="ALEXANDER1984">{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=F. |author2=Rollins, M. |year=1985 |title=Alcoholics Anonymous: the unseen cult |journal=California Sociologist |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=33–48 |issn=0162-8712 |oclc=4025459 |location=Los Angeles |publisher=California State University}}</ref> while another review asserts that these programs bore little semblance to religious cults and that the techniques used appeared beneficial to some.<ref name="WRIGHT1997">{{cite journal |last=Wright |first=Kevin B. |title=Shared ideology in Alcoholics Anonymous: a grounded theory approach |journal=Journal of Health Communication |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=83–99 |year=1997 |pmid=10977242 |doi=10.1080/108107397127806}}</ref> Another study found that a twelve-step program's focus on self-admission of having a problem increases deviant [[Stigma (sociological theory)|stigma]] and strips members of their previous [[cultural identity]], replacing it with the deviant identity.<ref name="LEVINSON1983">{{cite book |last=Levinson |first=David |chapter=Current Status of the Field: An Anthropological Perspective on the Behavior Modification Treatment of Alcoholism |title=Genetics Behavioral Treatment Social Mediators and Prevention Current Concepts in Diagnosis |volume=1 |pages=255–61 |year=1983 |pmid=6680227 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-3617-4_14 |series=Recent Developments in Alcoholism |isbn=978-1-4613-3619-8}}</ref> Another study asserts that the prior cultural identity may not be replaced entirely, but rather members found adapted a [[Biculturalism|bicultural]] identity.<ref name="WILCOX1998">{{cite book |last=Wilcox |first=D.M. |title=Alcoholic thinking: Language, culture, and belief in Alcoholics Anonymous |year=1998 |location=[[Westport, CT]] |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-275-96049-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/alcoholicthinkin00wilc/page/109 109–124] |chapter=Chapter 7: Language, Culture, and Belief |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/alcoholicthinkin00wilc/page/109 }}</ref>