Editing Ubykh language (section)

===== Dynamic verb conjugation =====
Dynamic Ubykh verbs are split up in two groups: Group I which contain the simple tenses and Group II which contain derived counterpart tenses. Only the Karaclar dialect uses the progressive tense and the plural is unknown.

The singular-plural distinction is used when the subject, the ergative, is singular or plural.

Square brackets indicate elided vowels; parenthesis indicate optional parts of the stem; and the colon indicates the boundary of a morpheme.<ref name="fenwick" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Group I
|
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Simple Past
| -{{IPA|/qʼɜ/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/qʼɜ-n(ɜ)/}}
|-
!Mirative Past
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/jtʼ/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/jɬ(ɜ)/}}
|-
!Present
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/n/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɐ-n/}}
|-
!Future I
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɜw/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/n[ɜ]-ɜw/}}
|-
!Future II
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɜwːt/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/n[ɜ]-ɜwːt/}}
|-
!(Progressive)
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɜwɨːn/}}
|?
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Group II
|
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Pluperfect
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/qʼɜːjtʼ/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/qʼɜːjɬ(ɜ)/}} ~ -/qʼɜːnɜːjtʼ/
|-
!Imperfect
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/nɜːtjʼ/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɐ-nɜːjɬ(ɜ)/}}
|-
!Conditional I
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɜwɨːjtʼ/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/n[ɜ]-ɜwɨːjɬ(ɜ)/}}
|-
!Conditional II
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɜwːtʷːqʼɜ/}}
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/(n[ɜ]-)ɜwːtʷːqʼɜ(-n)/}}
|}

====== Simple past ======
The verbs in the simple past tense are conjugated with -{{IPA|/qʼɜ/}} in the singular and <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/qʼɜ-n(ɜ)/}} in the plural.

Examples:

* {{IPA|/qʼɜ/}} - to say → {{IPA|/ɐ-qʼɜ-qʼɜ/}} (s)he said
* {{IPA|/fɨ/}} - to eat → {{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-qʼɜ/}} (s)he ate
* {{IPA|/tɕʼɜ/}} - to know → {{IPA|/ɐ-tɕʼɜ-qʼɜ/}} (s)he knew
* {{IPA|/kʲʼɜ/}} - to go → {{IPA|/ɐ-kʲʼɜ-qʼɜ/}} (s)he went

{| class="wikitable"
!Plurality
!Person
!Ubykh
!Meaning
|-
! rowspan="3" |Singular
!First-person
|{{IPA|/s(ɨ)-fɨ-qʼɜ/}}
|I ate
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/wɨ-fɨ-qʼɜ/}}
|you ate
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-qʼɜ/}}
|(s)he ate
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plural
!First-person
|{{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-fɨ-qʼɜ-n(ɜ)/}}
|we ate
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-fɨ-qʼɜ-n(ɜ)/}}
|you (all) ate
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-qʼɜ-n(ɜ)/}}
|they ate
|}

====== Mirative past ======
The verbs in the mirative past tense are conjugated with <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/jtʼ/}} in the singular and <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/jɬ(ɜ)/}} in the plural.

Examples:

* {{IPA|/qʼɜ/}} - to say → {{IPA|/ɐ-qʼɜ-jtʼ/}} (s)he said apparently
* {{IPA|/fɨ/}} - to eat → {{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-jtʼ/}} (s)he ate apparently
* {{IPA|/tɕʼɜ/}} - to know → {{IPA|/ɐ-tɕʼɜ-jtʼ/}} (s)he knew apparently
* {{IPA|/kʲʼɜ/}} - to go → {{IPA|/ɐ-kʲʼɜ-jtʼ/}} (s)he went apparently

{| class="wikitable"
!Plurality
!Person
!Ubykh
!Meaning
|-
! rowspan="3" |Singular
!First-person
|{{IPA|/s(ɨ)-fɨ-jtʼ/}}
|I ate apparently
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/wɨ-fɨ-jtʼ/}}
|you ate apparently
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-jtʼ/}}
|(s)he ate apparently
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plural
!First-person
|{{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-fɨ-jɬ(ɜ)/}}
|we ate apparently
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-fɨ-jɬ(ɜ)/}}
|you (all) ate apparently
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-jɬ(ɜ)/}}
|they ate apparently
|}

====== Present ======
The verbs in the present tense are conjugated with <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/n/}} in the singular and <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɐ-n/}} in the plural.

Examples:

* {{IPA|/qʼɜ/}} - to say → {{IPA|/ɐ-qʼɜ-n/}} (s)he says
* {{IPA|/fɨ/}} - to eat → {{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-n/}} (s)he eats
* {{IPA|/tɕʼɜ/}} - to know → {{IPA|/ɐ-tɕʼɜ-n/}} (s)he knows 
* {{IPA|/kʲʼɜ/}} - to go → {{IPA|/ɐ-kʲʼɜ-n/}} (s)he goes

{| class="wikitable"
!Plurality
!Person
!Ubykh
!Meaning
|-
! rowspan="3" |Singular
!First-person
|{{IPA|/s(ɨ)-fɨ-n/}}
|I eat
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/wɨ-fɨ-n/}}
|you eat
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-n/}}
|(s)he eats 
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plural
!First-person
|{{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-f-ɐ-n/}}
|we eat 
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-f-ɐ-n/}}
|you (all) eat 
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-f-ɐ-n/}}
|they eat 
|}

====== Future I ======
The verbs in the present tense are conjugated with <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɜw/}} in the singular and <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/n[ɜ]-ɜw/}} in the plural. It conveys a sense of certainty, immediacy, obligation, or intentionality.

Examples:

* {{IPA|/qʼɜ/}} - to say → {{IPA|/ɐ-qʼ-ɜw/}} (s)he certainly will say
* {{IPA|/fɨ/}} - to eat → {{IPA|/ɐ-f-ɜw/}} (s)he certainly will eat
* {{IPA|/tɕʼɜ/}} - to know → {{IPA|/ɐ-tɕʼ-ɜw/}} (s)he certainly will know 
* {{IPA|/kʲʼɜ/}} - to go → {{IPA|/ɐ-kʲʼ-ɜw/}} (s)he certainly will go

{| class="wikitable"
!Plurality
!Person
!Ubykh
!Meaning
|-
! rowspan="3" |Singular
!First-person
|{{IPA|/s(ɨ)-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜw/}}
|I certainly will eat
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/wɨ-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜw/}}
|you certainly will eat
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜw/}}
|(s)he certainly will eat 
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plural
!First-person
|{{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜw/}}
|we certainly will eat 
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜw/}}
|you (all) certainly will eat 
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜw/}}
|they certainly will eat 
|}

====== Future II ======
The verbs in the present tense are conjugated with <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/ɜwːt/}} in the singular and <nowiki>-</nowiki>{{IPA|/n[ɜ]-ɜwːt/}} in the plural. It conveys a generic sense of the future as well as an exhortative sense such as: {{IPA|/ʃɨ-kʲʼɜ-n[ɜ]-ɜw/}} (let's go!).

Examples:

* {{IPA|/qʼɜ/}} - to say → {{IPA|/ɐ-qʼ-ɜwːt/}} (s)he will say
* {{IPA|/fɨ/}} - to eat → {{IPA|/ɐ-f-ɜwːt/}} (s)he will eat
* {{IPA|/tɕʼɜ/}} - to know → {{IPA|/ɐ-tɕʼ-ɜwːt/}} (s)he will know 
* {{IPA|/kʲʼɜ/}} - to go → {{IPA|/ɐ-kʲʼ-ɜwːt/}} (s)he will go

{| class="wikitable"
!Plurality
!Person
!Ubykh
!Meaning
|-
! rowspan="3" |Singular
!First-person
|{{IPA|/s(ɨ)-f-ɜwːt/}}
|I will eat
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/wɨ-f-ɜwːt/}}
|you will eat
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-f-ɜwːt/}}
|(s)he will eat 
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plural
!First-person
|{{IPA|/ʃ(ɨ)-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜwːt/}}
|we will eat 
|-
!Second-person
|{{IPA|/ɕʷ(ɨ)-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜwːt/}}
|you (all) will eat 
|-
!Third-person
|{{IPA|/ɐ-fɨ-n[ɜ]-ɜwːt/}}
|they will eat 
|}