Editing Young's modulus (section)

==Examples==
[[Image:SpiderGraph YoungMod.gif|350px|thumb|Influences of selected glass component additions on Young's modulus of a specific base glass]]

Young's modulus can vary somewhat due to differences in sample composition and test method. The rate of deformation has the greatest impact on the data collected, especially in [[polymer]]s. The values here are approximate and only meant for relative comparison.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Approximate Young's modulus for various materials
!Material
! data-sort-type="number" |Young's modulus ([[Pascal (unit)|GPa]])
! data-sort-type="number" |Megapound per square inch ([[Mega-|M]][[Pounds per square inch|psi]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unit of Measure Converter|url=http://www.matweb.com/tools/unitconverter.aspx|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=MatWeb}}</ref>
!Ref.
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Aluminium]] (<sub>13</sub>Al)
|68
|9.86
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aluminum, Al|url=http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=0cd1edf33ac145ee93a0aa6fc666c0e0|access-date=May 7, 2021|website=MatWeb}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Weast |first=Robert C. |title=[[CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics]] |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-84-930740-9 |edition=62nd |location=Boca Raton, FL |doi=10.1002/jctb.280500215}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Ross|first=Robert B.|title=Metallic Materials Specification Handbook|publisher=[[Chapman & Hall]]|year=1992|isbn=9780412369407|edition=4th|location=London|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-3482-2}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Nunes|first1=Rafael|url=http://sme.vimaru.edu.vn/sites/sme.vimaru.edu.vn/files/volume_2_-_properties_and_selection_nonf.pdf|title=Volume 2: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials|last2=Adams|first2=J. H.|last3=Ammons|first3=Mitchell|last4=Avery|first4=Howard S.|last5=Barnhurst|first5=Robert J.|last6=Bean|first6=John C.|last7=Beaudry|first7=B. J.|last8=Berry|first8=David F.|last9=Black|first9=William T.|publisher=[[ASM International]]|year=1990|isbn=978-0-87170-378-1|edition=10th|series=ASM Handbook|display-authors=3}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Nayar|first=Alok|title=The Metals Databook|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]|year=1997|isbn=978-0-07-462300-8|location=New York, NY}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0-84-930480-4|editor-last=Lide|editor-first=David R.|edition=80th|location=Boca Raton, FL|chapter=Commercial Metals and Alloys}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Amino acid|Amino-acid]] [[Molecular solid|molecular crystals]]
|21–44
|3.05–6.38
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Azuri |first1=Ido |last2=Meirzadeh |first2=Elena |last3=Ehre |first3=David |last4=Cohen |first4=Sidney R. |last5=Rappe |first5=Andrew M. |last6=Lahav |first6=Meir |last7=Lubomirsky |first7=Igor |last8=Kronik |first8=Leeor |display-authors=3 |date=November 9, 2015 |title=Unusually Large Young's Moduli of Amino Acid Molecular Crystals |url=http://www.sas.upenn.edu/rappegroup/publications/Papers/Azuri15p13566.pdf |journal=[[Angewandte Chemie]] |edition=International |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=54 |issue=46 |pages=13566–13570 |doi=10.1002/anie.201505813 |pmid=26373817 |via=[[PubMed]] |s2cid=13717077}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Aramid]] (for example, [[Kevlar]])
|70.5–112.4
|10.2–16.3
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017|title=Kevlar Aramid Fiber Technical Guide|url=https://www.dupont.com/content/dam/dupont/amer/us/en/safety/public/documents/en/Kevlar_Technical_Guide_0319.pdf|access-date=May 8, 2021|website=[[DuPont]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Aromatic peptide-nanospheres
|230–275
|33.4–39.9
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adler-Abramovich|first1=Lihi |last2=Kol|first2=Nitzan |last3=Yanai|first3=Inbal |last4=Barlam|first4=David |last5=Shneck|first5=Roni Z. |last6=Gazit|first6=Ehud |last7=Rousso |first7=Itay|display-authors=3 |date=December 17, 2010 |title=Self-Assembled Organic Nanostructures with Metallic-Like Stiffness |journal=Angewandte Chemie |edition=International|publisher=[[Wiley-VCH]] |publication-date=September 28, 2010 |volume=49 |issue=51 |pages=9939–9942 |doi=10.1002/anie.201002037 |pmid=20878815|s2cid=44873277 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Aromatic peptide-nanotubes
|19–27
|2.76–3.92
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kol |first1=Nitzan |last2=Adler-Abramovich |first2=Lihi |last3=Barlam |first3=David |last4=Shneck |first4=Roni Z. |last5=Gazit |first5=Ehud |last6=Rousso |first6=Itay |display-authors=3 |date=June 8, 2005 |title=Self-Assembled Peptide Nanotubes Are Uniquely Rigid Bioinspired Supramolecular Structures |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/nl0505896 |journal=[[Nano Letters]] |location=Israel |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=1343–1346 |bibcode=2005NanoL...5.1343K |doi=10.1021/nl0505896 |pmid=16178235 |via=[[ACS Publications]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Niu |first1=Lijiang |last2=Chen |first2=Xinyong |last3=Allen |first3=Stephanie |last4=Tendler |first4=Saul J. B. |display-authors=3 |date=June 6, 2007 |title=Using the Bending Beam Model to Estimate the Elasticity of Diphenylalanine Nanotubes |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/la7010106 |journal=[[Langmuir (journal)|Langmuir]] |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |volume=23 |issue=14 |pages=7443–7446 |doi=10.1021/la7010106 |pmid=17550276 |via=[[ACS Publications]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bacteriophage]] [[capsid]]s
|1–3
|0.145–0.435
|<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ivanovska|first1=Irena L.|last2=de Pablo|first2=Pedro J. |last3=Ibarra |first3=Benjamin |last4=Sgalari |first4=Giorgia |last5=MacKintosh |first5=Fred C. |last6=Carrascosa |first6=José L. |last7=Schmidt |first7=Christoph F. |last8=Wuite |first8=Gijs J. L. |display-authors=3 |date=May 7, 2004 |editor-last=Lubensky |editor-first=Tom C. |title=Bacteriophage capsids: Tough nanoshells with complex elastic properties|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |publisher=[[The National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=101 |issue=20 |pages=7600–7605 |bibcode=2004PNAS..101.7600I |doi=10.1073/pnas.0308198101|pmc=419652|pmid=15133147|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Beryllium]] (<sub>4</sub>Be)
|287
|41.6
|<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Foley|first1=James C.|title=Powder Materials: Current Research and Industrial Practices III|last2=Abeln|first2=Stephen P.|last3=Stanek|first3=Paul W.|last4=Bartram|first4=Brian D.|last5=Aikin|first5=Beverly|last6=Vargas|first6=Victor D.|publisher= [[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons, Inc.]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-11-898423-9|editor-last=Marquis|editor-first=Fernand D. S.|location=Hoboken, NJ|pages=263|chapter=An Overview of Current Research and Industrial Practices of be Powder Metallurgy|doi=10.1002/9781118984239.ch32|display-authors=3}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bone]], human cortical
|14
|2.03
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rho|first1=Jae Young|last2=Ashman|first2=Richard B.|last3=Turner|first3=Charles H.|date=February 1993|title=Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: Ultrasonic and microtensile measurements |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/002192909390042D|journal=Journal of Biomechanics|publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=111–119|doi=10.1016/0021-9290(93)90042-d|pmid=8429054|via=[[Elsevier Science Direct]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Brass]]
|106
|15.4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview of materials for Brass|url=http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=d3bd4617903543ada92f4c101c2a20e5 |access-date=May 7, 2021|website=MatWeb}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bronze]]
|112
|16.2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview of materials for Bronze|url=http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet.aspx?MatGUID=66575ff2cd5249c49d76df15b47dbca4|access-date=May 7, 2021 |website=MatWeb}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Carbon nitride]] (CN<sub>2</sub>)
|822
|119
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Shafiul |last2=Laugier |first2=Michael T. |last3=Rahman |first3=Ismet Zakia |date=April–August 2004 |title=Measurement of the mechanical properties of carbon nitride thin films from the nanoindentation loading curve |journal=[[Diamond and Related Materials]] |volume=13 |issue=4–8 |pages=1543–1548 |bibcode=2004DRM....13.1543C |doi=10.1016/j.diamond.2003.11.063 |via=[[Elsevier Science Direct]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers|Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic]] (CFRP), 50/50 fibre/matrix, biaxial fabric
|30–50
|4.35–7.25
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Summerscales|first=John|date=September 11, 2019|title=Composites Design and Manufacture (Plymouth University teaching support materials)|url=https://www.fose1.plymouth.ac.uk/sme/MATS347/MATS347A2%20E-G-nu.htm#E|access-date=May 8, 2021 |website=Advanced Composites Manufacturing Centre|publisher=[[University of Plymouth]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers|Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic]] (CFRP), 70/30 fibre/matrix, unidirectional, along fibre
|181
|26.3
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kopeliovich|first=Dmitri|date=June 3, 2012|title=Epoxy Matrix Composite reinforced by 70% carbon fibers |url=http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=epoxy_matrix_composite_reinforced_by_70_carbon_fibers|access-date=May 8, 2021|website=SubsTech}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Cobalt-chrome]] (CoCr)
|230
|33.4
|<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bose|first1=Susmita|title=Materials for Bone Disorders|last2=Banerjee|first2=Dishary|last3=Bandyopadhyay|first3=Amit|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|year=2016|isbn=978-0-12-802792-9|editor-last=Bose|editor-first=Susmita|pages=1–27|chapter=Introduction to Biomaterials and Devices for Bone Disorders|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-802792-9.00001-X|editor-last2=Bandyopadhyay|editor-first2=Amit}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Copper]] (Cu), annealed
|110
|16
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Copper, Cu; Annealed|url=http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=9aebe83845c04c1db5126fada6f76f7e|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=MatWeb}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Diamond]] (C), synthetic
|1050–1210
|152–175
|<ref>{{Cite book|title=Synthetic Diamond: Emerging CVD Science and Technology|publisher= [[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-47-153589-8|editor-last=Spear|editor-first=Karl E.|pages=315|issn=0275-0171|editor-last2=Dismukes|editor-first2=John P.}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Diatom]] [[frustule]]s, largely [[Orthosilicic acid|silicic acid]]
|0.35–2.77
|0.051–0.058
|<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Subhash |first1=Ghatu |last2=Yao |first2=Shuhuai |last3=Bellinger |first3=Brent |last4=Gretz |first4=Michael R. |date=January 2005 |title=Investigation of mechanical properties of diatom frustules using nanoindentation |journal=[[Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology]] |publisher=American Scientific Publishers |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=50–56 |doi=10.1166/jnn.2005.006 |pmid=15762160 |via=[[Ingenta |Ingenta Connect]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Flax]] fiber
|58
|8.41
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Bodros |first1=Edwin |last2=Baley |first2=Christophe |date=May 15, 2008 |title=Study of the tensile properties of stinging nettle fibres (''Urtica dioica'') |journal=[[Materials Letters]] |volume=62 |issue=14 |pages=2143–2145 |citeseerx=10.1.1.299.6908 |doi=10.1016/j.matlet.2007.11.034 |bibcode=2008MatL...62.2143B |via=[[Elsevier Science Direct]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Float glass]]
|47.7–83.6
|6.92–12.1
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 16, 2001|title=Float glass – Properties and Applications|url=https://www.azom.com/properties.aspx?ArticleID=89|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=AZO Materials}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Fiberglass|Glass-reinforced polyester]] (GRP)
|17.2
|2.49
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kopeliovich|first=Dmitri|date=March 6, 2012|title=Polyester Matrix Composite reinforced by glass fibers (Fiberglass)|url=http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=polyester_matrix_composite_reinforced_by_glass_fibers_fiberglass|access-date=May 7, 2021|website=SubsTech}}</ref>

|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Gold]]
|77.2
|11.2
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=d2a2119a08904a0fa706e9408cddb88e|title=Gold material property data|website=MatWeb|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}</ref>

|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Graphene]]
|1050
|152
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Fang|last2=Ming|first2=Pingbing|last3=Li|first3=Ju|date=August 28, 2007|title=''Ab initio'' calculation of ideal strength and phonon instability of graphene under tension|url=http://li.mit.edu/A/Papers/07/Liu07.pdf|journal=Physical Review B|publisher=[[American Physical Society]]|volume=76|issue=6|page=064120|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.76.064120|bibcode=2007PhRvB..76f4120L|via=[[APS Physics]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Hemp]] fiber
|35
|5.08
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Saheb|first1=Nabi|last2=Jog|first2=Jyoti|date=October 15, 1999|title=Natural fibre polymer composites: a review|journal=Advances in Polymer Technology|publisher= [[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons, Inc.]]|volume=18|issue=4|pages=351–363|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-2329(199924)18:4<351::AID-ADV6>3.0.CO;2-X|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[High-density polyethylene]] (HDPE)
|0.97–1.38
|0.141–0.2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)|url=https://polymerdatabase.com/Commercial%20Polymers/HDPE.html|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=Polymer Database|publisher=Chemical Retrieval on the Web}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Types of concrete|High-strength concrete]]
|30
|4.35
|<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cardarelli|first=François|title=Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference|publisher= [[Springer Publishing|Springer-Verlag]]|year=2008|isbn=978-3-319-38923-3|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=1421–1439|chapter=Cements, Concrete, Building Stones, and Construction Materials|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-38925-7_15}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Lead]] (<sub>82</sub>Pb), chemical
|13
|1.89
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Low-density polyethylene]] (LDPE), molded
|0.228
|0.0331
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview of materials for Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Molded|url=http://matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=557b96c10e0843dbb1e830ceedeb35b0|access-date=May 7, 2021|website=MatWeb}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Magnesium alloy]]
|45.2
|6.56
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview of materials for Magnesium Alloy|url=http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=4e6a4852b14c4b12998acf2f8316c07c|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=MatWeb}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Medium-density fibreboard|Medium-density fiberboard]] (MDF)
|4
|0.58
|<ref>{{cite web|date=May 30, 2020|title=Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)|url=http://www.makeitfrom.com/data/?material=MDF|access-date=May 8, 2021|website=MakeItFrom}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Molybdenum]] (Mo), annealed
|330
|47.9
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Molybdenum, Mo, Annealed|url=http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet.aspx?matguid=ef57c33963404798ad0301a05692312a|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=MatWeb}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Monel]]
|180
|26.1
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Nacre|Mother-of-pearl]] (largely [[calcium carbonate]])
|70
|10.2
|<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jackson|first1=Andrew P.|last2=Vincent|first2=Julian F. V.|last3=Turner|first3=R. M.|date=September 22, 1988|title=The mechanical design of nacre|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|volume=234|issue=1277|pages=415–440|bibcode=1988RSPSB.234..415J|doi=10.1098/rspb.1988.0056|issn=0080-4649|eissn=2053-9193|via= [[Royal Society|The Royal Society Publishing]]|s2cid=135544277}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Nickel]] (<sub>28</sub>Ni), commercial
|200
|29
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Nylon 66]]
|2.93
|0.425
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Nylon® 6/6 (Polyamide)|url=https://www.polytechindustrial.com/products/plastic-stock-shapes/nylon-66|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=Poly-Tech Industrial, Inc.}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Osmium]] (<sub>76</sub>Os)
|525–562
|76.1–81.5
|<ref>{{cite journal|author=Pandey|first1=Dharmendra Kumar|last2=Singh|first2=Devraj|last3=Yadawa|first3=Pramod Kumar|date=April 2, 2009|title=Ultrasonic Study of Osmium and Ruthenium|url=http://www.technology.matthey.com/pdf/91-97-pmr-apr09.pdf|journal=Platinum Metals Review|publisher=[[Johnson Matthey]]|volume=53|issue=4|pages=91–97|doi=10.1595/147106709X430927|access-date=May 7, 2021|via=[[Ingenta Connect]]|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Osmium]] [[nitride]] (OsN<sub>2</sub>)
|194.99–396.44
|28.3–57.5
|<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Gaillac|first1=Romain|last2=Coudert|first2=François-Xavier|date=July 26, 2020|title=ELATE: Elastic tensor analysis|url=http://progs.coudert.name/elate/mp?query=mp-973935|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=ELATE}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Polycarbonate]] (PC)
|2.2
|0.319
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Polycarbonate|url=https://designerdata.nl/materials/plastics/thermo-plastics/polycarbonate|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=DesignerData}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Polyethylene terephthalate]] (PET), unreinforced
|3.14
|0.455
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview of materials for Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Unreinforced|url=http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=a696bdcdff6f41dd98f8eec3599eaa20|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=MatWeb}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Polypropylene]] (PP), molded
|1.68
|0.244
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview of Materials for Polypropylene, Molded|url=http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=08fb0f47ef7e454fbf7092517b2264b2|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=MatWeb}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Polystyrene]], crystal
|2.5–3.5
|0.363–0.508
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Young's Modulus: Tensile Elasticity Units, Factors & Material Table|url=https://omnexus.specialchem.com/polymer-properties/properties/young-modulus|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=Omnexus|publisher=SpecialChem}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Polystyrene]], foam
|0.0025–0.007
|0.000363–0.00102
|<ref>{{cite web|date=August 2019|title=Technical Data – Application Recommendations Dimensioning Aids|url=https://www.styrodur.com/portal/streamer?fid=1225078|access-date=May 7, 2021|website=Stryodur|publisher=[[BASF]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Polytetrafluoroethylene]] (PTFE), molded
|0.564
|0.0818
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview of materials for Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Molded|url=http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet_print.aspx?matguid=4d14eac958e5401a8fd152e1261b6843|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=MatWeb}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Natural rubber|Rubber]], small strain
|0.01–0.1
|0.00145–0.0145
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Silicon]], single crystal, different directions
|130–185
|18.9–26.8
|<ref>{{cite journal|author=Boyd|first1=Euan J.|last2=Uttamchandani|first2=Deepak|year=2012|title=Measurement of the Anisotropy of Young's Modulus in Single-Crystal Silicon|journal=[[Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems]]|publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=243–249|doi=10.1109/JMEMS.2011.2174415|issn=1057-7157|eissn=1941-0158|via=[[IEEE Xplore]]|s2cid=39025763}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Silicon carbide]] (SiC)
|90–137
|13.1–19.9
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 5, 2001|title=Silicon Carbide (SiC) Properties and Applications|url=https://www.azom.com/properties.aspx?ArticleID=42|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=AZO Materials}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |Single-walled [[carbon nanotube]]
|data-sort-value="1000"|<math>></math>1000
|data-sort-value="140"|<math>></math>140
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Forró |first1=László |last2=Salvetat |first2=Jean-Paul |last3=Bonard |first3=Jean-Marc |last4=Bacsa |first4=Revathi Ramachandran |last5=Thomson |first5=Neil H. |last6=Garaj |first6=Slaven |last7=Le |first7=Thien-Nga |last8=Gaál |first8=Richard |last9=Kulik |first9=Andrzej J. |last10=Ruzicka |first10=Barbara |last11=Degiorgi |first11=Leonardo |display-authors=3 |date=January 2002 |editor-last=Thorpe |editor-first=Michael F. |editor2-last=Tománek |editor2-first=David |editor2-link=David Tománek |editor3-last=Enbody |editor3-first=Richard J. |title=Electronic and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226537355 |journal=Science and Application of Nanotubes |series=Fundamentals Materials Research |location=Boston, MA |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |pages=297–320 |doi=10.1007/0-306-47098-5_22 |isbn=978-0-306-46372-3 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Yang|first1=Yi-Hsuan|last2=Li|first2=Wenzhi|date=January 24, 2011|title=Radial elasticity of single-walled carbon nanotube measured by atomic force microscopy|journal=Applied Physics Letters|publisher=[[American Institute of Physics]]|volume=98|issue=4|page=041901|bibcode=2011ApPhL..98d1901Y|doi=10.1063/1.3546170}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Steel]], [[A36 steel|A36]]
|200
|29
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 5, 2012|title=ASTM A36 Mild/Low Carbon Steel|url=https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6117|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=AZO Materials}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Urtica dioica|Stinging nettle]] fiber
|87
|12.6
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Titanium]] (<sub>22</sub>Ti)
|116
|16.8
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Titanium, Ti|url=http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet.aspx?MatGUID=66a15d609a3f4c829cb6ad08f0dafc01|access-date=May 7, 2021|website=MatWeb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys|publisher=[[ASM International]]|year=1994|isbn=978-0-87-170481-8|editor-last=Boyer|editor-first=Rodney|location=Materials Park, OH|editor-last2=Welsch|editor-first2=Gerhard|editor-last3=Collings|editor-first3=Edward W.}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Titanium alloy]], Grade 5
|114
|16.5
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=U.S. Titanium Industry Inc.|date=July 30, 2002|title=Titanium Alloys – Ti6Al4V Grade 5|url=https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1547|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=AZO Materials}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Tooth enamel]], largely [[calcium phosphate]]
|83
|12
|<ref>{{cite journal|author=Staines|first1=Michael|last2=Robinson|first2=W. H.|last3=Hood|first3=J. A. A.|date=September 1981|title=Spherical indentation of tooth enamel|journal=Journal of Materials Science|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|volume=16|issue=9|pages=2551–2556|bibcode=1981JMatS..16.2551S|doi=10.1007/bf01113595|via=[[Springer Link]]|s2cid=137704231}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Tungsten carbide]] (WC)
|600–686
|87–99.5
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 21, 2002|title=Tungsten Carbide – An Overview|url=https://www.azom.com/properties.aspx?ArticleID=1203|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=AZO Materials}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Wood]], [[Fagus grandifolia|American beech]]
|9.5–11.9
|1.38–1.73
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last1=Green|first1=David W.|url=https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch04.pdf|title=Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material|last2=Winandy|first2=Jerrold E.|last3=Kretschmann|first3=David E.|publisher=[[Forest Products Laboratory]]|year=1999|location=Madison, WI|pages=4–8|chapter=Mechanical Properties of Wood|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720153345/https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr113/ch04.pdf|archive-date=2018-07-20}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Wood]], [[Prunus serotina|black cherry]]
|9–10.3
|1.31–1.49
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Wood]], [[Acer rubrum|red maple]]
|9.6–11.3
|1.39–1.64
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Wrought iron]]
|193
|28
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 13, 2013|title=Wrought Iron – Properties and Applications|url=https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=9555|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=AZO Materials}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Yttrium iron garnet]] (YIG), polycrystalline
|193
|28
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chou|first1=Hung-Ming|last2=Case|first2=E. D.|date=November 1988|title=Characterization of some mechanical properties of polycrystalline yttrium iron garnet (YIG) by non-destructive methods|journal=Journal of Materials Science Letters|volume=7|issue=11|pages=1217–1220|doi=10.1007/BF00722341|via=[[SpringerLink]]|s2cid=135957639}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Yttrium iron garnet]] (YIG), single-crystal
|200
|29
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yttrium Iron Garnet|url=http://deltroniccrystalindustries.com/deltronic_crystal_products/yttrium_iron_garnet|access-date=May 7, 2021|website=Deltronic Crystal Industries, Inc.|date=December 28, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Zinc]] (<sub>30</sub>Zn)
|108
|15.7
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 23, 2001|title=An Introduction to Zinc|url=https://www.azom.com/properties.aspx?ArticleID=602|access-date=May 9, 2021|website=AZO Materials}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Zirconium]] (<sub>40</sub>Zr), commercial
|95
|13.8
|<ref name=":4" />
|}