Editing Alpha cell (section)

== In other species ==
There is much controversy as to the effects of various artemisinin derivatives on [[α-cell]]-to-[[Beta cell|β-cell]] differentiation in [[rodent]]s and [[zebrafish]].{{rr|Artemisinin-differentiation-bundle|r=
<ref name="Wang-Xu-et-al-2019">{{cite journal | last1=Wang | first1=Jigang | last2=Xu | first2=Chengchao | last3=Wong | first3=Yin Kwan | last4=Li | first4=Yujie | last5=Liao | first5=Fulong | last6=Jiang | first6=Tingliang | last7=Tu | first7=Youyou | title=Artemisinin, the Magic Drug Discovered from Traditional Chinese Medicine | journal=[[Engineering (journal)|Engineering]] | publisher=[[Chinese Academy of Engineering]] + [[Higher Education Press]] ([[Elsevier]]) | volume=5 | issue=1 | year=2019 | issn=2095-8099 | doi=10.1016/j.eng.2018.11.011 | pages=32–39| s2cid=116733896 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Nair-et-al-2020">{{cite journal | last1=Nair | first1=Gopika G. | last2=Tzanakakis | first2=Emmanuel S. | last3=Hebrok | first3=Matthias | title=Emerging routes to the generation of functional β-cells for diabetes mellitus cell therapy | journal=[[Nature Reviews Endocrinology]] | publisher=[[Nature Portfolio]] | volume=16 | issue=9 | date=2020-06-25 | issn=1759-5029 | doi=10.1038/s41574-020-0375-3 | pages=506–518| pmid=32587391 | pmc=9188823 | s2cid=220064790 }}</ref>
<ref name="Kasaragod-Schindelin-2018">{{cite journal | last1=Kasaragod | first1=Vikram B. | last2=Schindelin | first2=Hermann | title=Structure–Function Relationships of Glycine and GABA<sub>A</sub> Receptors and Their Interplay With the Scaffolding Protein Gephyrin | journal=[[Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience]] | publisher=[[Frontiers Media|Frontiers]] | volume=11 | date=2018-09-12 | page=317 | issn=1662-5099 | doi=10.3389/fnmol.2018.00317 | s2cid=52187070 | pmid=30258351 | pmc=6143783| doi-access=free }}<!--- Published by Frontiers but note citations including Graus, Breitinger, etc. ---></ref>
<ref name="Gromada-et-al-2018">{{cite journal | last1=Gromada | first1=Jesper | last2=Chabosseau | first2=Pauline | last3=Rutter | first3=Guy A. | title=The α-cell in diabetes mellitus | journal=[[Nature Reviews Endocrinology]] | publisher=[[Nature Portfolio]] | volume=14 | issue=12 | date=2018-10-11 | issn=1759-5029 | doi=10.1038/s41574-018-0097-y | pages=694–704 | pmid=30310153 | s2cid=52967093}}</ref>
<ref name="Cito-et-al-2018">{{cite journal | last1=Cito | first1=Monia | last2=Pellegrini | first2=Silvia | last3=Piemonti | first3=Lorenzo | last4=Sordi | first4=Valeria | title=The potential and challenges of alternative sources of β cells for the cure of type 1 diabetes | journal=Endocrine Connections | publisher=[[European Society of Endocrinology]] ([[Bioscientifica]]) | volume=7 | issue=3 | year=2018 | issn=2049-3614 | doi=10.1530/ec-18-0012 | pages=R114–R125 | pmid=29555660 | pmc=5861368 | s2cid=4161356}}</ref>
<ref name="Wang-Ren-et-al-2019">{{cite journal | last1=Wang | first1=Qinghua | last2=Ren | first2=Liwei | last3=Wan | first3=Yun | last4=Prud'homme | first4=Gerald J. | title=GABAergic regulation of pancreatic islet cells: Physiology and antidiabetic effects | journal=[[Journal of Cellular Physiology]] | publisher=[[Wiley publishing|Wiley]] | volume=234 | issue=9 | date=2019-01-28 | issn=0021-9541 | doi=10.1002/jcp.28214 | pages=14432–14444 | pmid=30693506 | s2cid=59338821}}</ref>
<ref name="Baeyens-et-al-2018">{{cite journal | last1=Baeyens | first1=Luc | last2=Lemper | first2=Marie | last3=Staels | first3=Willem | last4=De Groef | first4=Sofie | last5=De Leu | first5=Nico | last6=Heremans | first6=Yves | last7=German | first7=Michael S. | last8=Heimberg | first8=Harry | title=(Re)generating Human Beta Cells: Status, Pitfalls, and Perspectives | journal=[[Physiological Reviews]] | publisher=[[American Physiological Society]] | volume=98 | issue=3 | date=2018-07-01 | issn=0031-9333 | doi=10.1152/physrev.00034.2016 | pages=1143–1167 | s2cid=24141451 | pmc=6088144 | pmid=29717931}}</ref>
<ref name="Jacobson-Shyng-2020">{{cite journal | last1=Jacobson | first1=David A. | last2=Shyng | first2=Show-Ling | title=Ion Channels of the Islets in Type 2 Diabetes | journal=[[Journal of Molecular Biology]] | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | volume=432 | issue=5 | year=2020 | issn=0022-2836 | doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2019.08.014 | pages=1326–1346 | pmc=7720859 | pmid=31473158 | s2cid=201715726}} [[NIH Manuscript Submission|NIHMSID]] 1538588.</ref>
<ref name="Kasaragod-et-al-2019">{{cite journal | last1=Kasaragod | first1=Vikram Babu | last2=Hausrat | first2=Torben Johann | last3=Schaefer | first3=Natascha | last4=Kuhn | first4=Maximilian | last5=Christensen | first5=Nikolaj Riis | last6=Tessmer | first6=Ingrid | last7=Maric | first7=Hans Michael | last8=Madsen | first8=Kenneth Lindegaard | last9=Sotriffer | first9=Christoph | last10=Villmann | first10=Carmen | last11=Kneussel | first11=Matthias | last12=Schindelin | first12=Hermann | title=Elucidating the Molecular Basis for Inhibitory Neurotransmission Regulation by Artemisinins | journal=[[Neuron (journal)|Neuron]] | publisher=[[Cell Press]] | volume=101 | issue=4 | year=2019 | issn=0896-6273 | doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.001 | pages=673–689.e11 | pmid=30704910 | s2cid=72332955| doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Vuilleumier-Gauthier-2020">{{cite journal | last1=Cobo-Vuilleumier | first1=Nadia | last2=Gauthier | first2=Benoit R. | title=Time for a paradigm shift in treating type 1 diabetes mellitus: coupling inflammation to islet regeneration | journal=[[Metabolism (journal)|Metabolism]] | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | volume=104 | year=2020 | issn=0026-0495 | doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154137 | page=154137 | s2cid=209894697 | pmid=31904355| doi-access=free | hdl=10261/221297 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Lorenzo-et-al-2018">{{cite journal | last1=Lorenzo | first1=Petra I | last2=Cobo-Vuilleumier | first2=Nadia | last3=Gauthier | first3=Benoit R | title=Therapeutic potential of pancreatic PAX4-regulated pathways in treating diabetes mellitus | journal=[[Current Opinion in Pharmacology]] | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | volume=43 | year=2018 | issn=1471-4892 | doi=10.1016/j.coph.2018.07.004 | pages=1–10 | pmid=30048825 | s2cid=51723745}}</ref>
<ref name="Zhang-Liu-2020">{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Jingjing | last2=Liu | first2=Feng | title=The De-, Re-, and trans-differentiation of β-cells: Regulation and function | journal=[[Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology]] | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | volume=103 | year=2020 | issn=1084-9521 | doi=10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.01.003 | pages=68–75 | pmid=31948775 | s2cid=210702856}}</ref>
<ref name="Kasaragod-Schindelin-2019">{{cite journal | last1=Kasaragod | first1=Vikram Babu | last2=Schindelin | first2=Hermann | title=Structure of Heteropentameric GABA<sub>A</sub> Receptors and Receptor-Anchoring Properties of Gephyrin | journal=[[Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience]] | publisher=[[Frontiers Media|Frontiers]] | volume=12 | date=2019-08-07 | page=191 | issn=1662-5099 | doi=10.3389/fnmol.2019.00191 | pmc=6693554 | pmid=31440140 | s2cid=199465436| doi-access=free }}<!--- Published by Frontiers but note citations including Knoflach. ---></ref>
<ref name="Eizirik-Gurzov-2018">{{cite journal | last1=Eizirik | first1=Decio L. | last2=Gurzov | first2=Esteban N. | title=Can GABA turn pancreatic α-cells into β-cells? | journal=[[Nature Reviews Endocrinology]] | publisher=[[Nature Portfolio]] | volume=14 | issue=11 | date=2018-09-25 | issn=1759-5029 | doi=10.1038/s41574-018-0101-6 | pages=629–630 | pmid=30254299 | s2cid=52820991}}</ref>
<ref name="Yu-Xu-2020">{{cite journal | last1=Yu | first1=Xin-Xin | last2=Xu | first2=Cheng-Ran | title=Understanding generation and regeneration of pancreatic β cells from a single-cell perspective | journal=[[Development (journal)|Development]] | publisher=[[The Company of Biologists]] | volume=147 | issue=7 | date=2020-04-01 | issn=1477-9129 | doi=10.1242/dev.179051 | pmid=32280064 | s2cid=215749163| doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Lin-et-al-2021">{{cite journal | last1=Lin | first1=Eugene E. | last2=Scott-Solomon | first2=Emily | last3=Kuruvilla | first3=Rejji | title=Peripheral Innervation in the Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis | journal=[[Trends in Neurosciences]] | publisher=[[Cell Press]] | volume=44 | issue=3 | year=2021 | issn=0166-2236 | doi=10.1016/j.tins.2020.10.015 | pages=189–202 | pmc=7904596 | pmid=33229051 | s2cid=227063235}} [[NIH Manuscript Submission|NIHMSID]] 1643882.</ref>
<ref name="Yi-et-al-2020">{{cite journal | last1=Yi | first1=Zhao | last2=Waseem Ghani | first2=Muhammad | last3=Ghani | first3=Hammad | last4=Jiang | first4=Wu | last5=Waseem Birmani | first5=Muhammad | last6=Ye | first6=Li | last7=Bin | first7=Liu | last8=Cun | first8=Lang Guan | last9=Lilong | first9=An | last10=Mei | first10=Xiao | title=Gimmicks of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in pancreatic β‐cell regeneration through transdifferentiation of pancreatic α‐ to β‐cells | journal=[[Cell Biology International]] | publisher=[[International Federation for Cell Biology]] ([[Wiley publishing|Wiley]]) | volume=44 | issue=4 | date=2020-01-16 | issn=1065-6995 | doi=10.1002/cbin.11302 | pages=926–936 | pmid=31903671 | s2cid=209894386}}</ref>
<ref name="Guney-et-al-2020">{{cite journal | last1=Guney | first1=Michelle A | last2=Lorberbaum | first2=David S | last3=Sussel | first3=Lori | title=Pancreatic β cell regeneration: to β or not to β | journal=[[Current Opinion in Physiology]] | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | volume=14 | year=2020 | issn=2468-8673 | doi=10.1016/j.cophys.2019.10.019 | pages=13–20 | pmc=7454996 | pmid=32864533}} [[NIH Manuscript Submission|NIHMSID]] 1545870.</ref>
<ref name="Hartig-Cox-2020">{{cite journal | last1=Hartig | first1=Sean M. | last2=Cox | first2=Aaron R. | title=Paracrine signaling in islet function and survival | journal=Journal of Molecular Medicine | volume=98 | issue=4 | pmid=32067063 | doi=10.1007/s00109-020-01887-x | pmc=7899133 | date=2020 | pages=451–467 | s2cid=211138647}}</ref>
<ref name="Nasteska-et-al-2019">{{cite journal | last1=Nasteska | first1=Daniela | last2=Viloria | first2=Katrina | last3=Everett | first3=Lewis | last4=Hodson | first4=David J. | title=Informing β-cell regeneration strategies using studies of heterogeneity | journal=[[Molecular Metabolism]] | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | volume=27 | year=2019 | issue=Suppl | issn=2212-8778 | doi=10.1016/j.molmet.2019.06.004 | pages=S49–S59 | pmc=6768502 | pmid=31500831 | s2cid=202406520}}</ref>
<ref name="Krentz-et-al-2021">{{cite journal | last1=Krentz | first1=Nicole A J | last2=Shea | first2=Lonnie D | last3=Huising | first3=Mark O | last4=Shaw | first4=James A M | title=Restoring normal islet mass and function in type 1 diabetes through regenerative medicine and tissue engineering | journal=[[The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology]] | publisher=[[The Lancet]] ([[Elsevier]]) | volume=9 | issue=10 | year=2021 | issn=2213-8587 | doi=10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00170-4 | pages=708–724 | pmid=34480875 | s2cid=237417470| pmc=10881068 }}</ref>
<ref name="Kim-Hibbs-2019">{{cite journal | last1=Kim | first1=Jeong Joo | last2=Hibbs | first2=Ryan E. | title=Bridges between Antimalarials and Synaptic Transmission | journal=[[Neuron (journal)|Neuron]] | publisher=[[Cell Press]] | volume=101 | issue=4 | year=2019 | issn=0896-6273 | doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.057 | pages=546–547 | pmid=30790532 | s2cid=72334998| doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Saleh-et-al-2021">{{cite journal | last1=Saleh | first1=Mohamed | last2=Gittes | first2=George K. | last3=Prasadan | first3=Krishna | title=Alpha-to-beta cell trans-differentiation for treatment of diabetes | journal=[[Biochemical Society Transactions]] | publisher=[[The Biochemical Society]] | volume=49 | issue=6 | date=2021-12-09 | issn=0300-5127 | doi=10.1042/bst20210244 | pages=2539–2548 | pmid=34882233 | pmc=8786296 | s2cid=245122056}}</ref>
}} Li ''et al.'', 2017 find artemisinin itself forces α⇨β conversion in rodents (via [[gephyrin]]){{rr|Rodents-bundle|r=
<ref name="Kim-Hibbs-2019" />
<ref name="Michelena-et-al-2021">{{cite journal | last1=Pacios-Michelena | first1=Anabel | last2=Kasaragod | first2=Vikram Babu | last3=Schindelin | first3=Hermann | title=Artemisinins and their impact on inhibitory neurotransmission | journal=[[Current Opinion in Pharmacology]] | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | volume=59 | year=2021 | issn=1471-4892 | doi=10.1016/j.coph.2021.04.008 | pages=19–25 | pmid=34051675| s2cid=235248600 }}</ref>
}} and zebrafish{{rr|Zebrafish-bundle|r=
<ref name="Wang-Xu-et-al-2019" />
<ref name="Eizirik-Gurzov-2018" />
<ref name="Yu-Xu-2020" />
<ref name="Lin-et-al-2021" />
<ref name="Guney-et-al-2020" />
<ref name="Nasteska-et-al-2019" />
<ref name="Krentz-et-al-2021" />
<ref name="Kim-Hibbs-2019" />
<ref name="Saleh-et-al-2021" />
<ref name="Michelena-et-al-2021" />
}} while Ackermann ''et al.'', 2018 find [[artesunate]] does not{{rr|Artesunate-Bundle|r=
<ref name="Nair-et-al-2020" />
<ref name="Wang-Ren-et-al-2019" />
<ref name="Eizirik-Gurzov-2018" />
<ref name="Lin-et-al-2021" />
<ref name="Yi-et-al-2020" />
<ref name="Guney-et-al-2020" />
<ref name="Nasteska-et-al-2019" />
<ref name="Krentz-et-al-2021" />
<ref name="Kim-Hibbs-2019" />
<ref name="Michelena-et-al-2021" />
<ref name="Coppieters-et-al-2020">{{cite book | last1=Coppieters | first1=Ken | last2=von Herrath | first2=Matthias | last3=Homann | first3=Dirk | title=The Autoimmune Diseases | chapter=Animal Models of Organ-Specific Autoimmune Disease | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | year=2020 | doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-812102-3.00027-0 | pages=493–511 | isbn=9780128121023 | s2cid=243055640 | editor1-first=Noel R. | editor1-last=Rose | editor2-first=Ian R. | editor2-last=Mackay}}</ref>
}} and van der Meulen ''et al.'', 2018 find the same absence of effect for [[artemether]]{{rr|Artemether-bundle|r=
<ref name="Eizirik-Gurzov-2018" />
<ref name="Lin-et-al-2021" />
<ref name="Yi-et-al-2020" />
<ref name="Nasteska-et-al-2019" />
<ref name="Krentz-et-al-2021" />
<ref name="Kim-Hibbs-2019" />
<ref name="Coppieters-et-al-2020" />
}} (although artemether does inhibit [[ARX (gene)|ARX]]).{{rr|ARX-bundle|r=
<ref name="Wang-Xu-et-al-2019" />
<ref name="Nair-et-al-2020" />
<ref name="Guney-et-al-2020" />
<ref name="Michelena-et-al-2021" />
<ref name="Saleh-et-al-2021" />
}} (Shin ''et al.'', 2019 further finds no such effect for [[GABA]] in [[rhesus macaque]], although GABA is not an artemisinin but has a related action.){{rr|Rhesus-bundle|r=
<ref name="Yi-et-al-2020" />
<ref name="Guney-et-al-2020" />
<ref name="Krentz-et-al-2021" />
}} Both Eizirik & Gurzov 2018<ref name="Eizirik-Gurzov-2018" /> and Yi ''et al.'', 2020<ref name="Yi-et-al-2020" /> consider it possible that these are all legitimately varying results from varying combinations of substance, subject, and environment. On the other hand, a large number of reviewers{{rr|Contradict-bundle|r=
<ref name="Jacobson-Shyng-2020" />
<ref name="Kasaragod-et-al-2019" />
<ref name="Vuilleumier-Gauthier-2020" />
<ref name="Kasaragod-Schindelin-2019" />
<ref name="Eizirik-Gurzov-2018" />
<ref name="Yu-Xu-2020" />
<ref name="Lin-et-al-2021" />
<ref name="Hartig-Cox-2020" />
<ref name="Nasteska-et-al-2019" />
<ref name="Michelena-et-al-2021" />
}} are uncertain whether these are separate effects, instead questioning the validity of Li on the basis of Ackermann and van der Meulen – perhaps [[GABA receptor]] agonists as a whole are ''not'' β-cell-ergic.{{rr|Maybe-GABA-no-beta|r=
<ref name="Jacobson-Shyng-2020" />
<ref name="Yu-Xu-2020" />
}} Coppieters ''et al.'', 2020 goes further, highlighting Ackermann and van der Meulen as publications that [[replication crisis|catch an unreplicatable scientific result]], Li.<ref name="Coppieters-et-al-2020" />