Editing Anterior cingulate cortex (section)

===OCD===
There is strong evidence that this area may have a role in [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]]. A recent study from the University of Cambridge showed that participants with OCD had higher levels of [[Glutamate (neurotransmitter)|glutamate]] and lower levels of [[Γ-Aminobutyric acid|GABA]] in the anterior cingulate cortex, compared to participants without OCD. They used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission by measuring glutamate and GABA levels in anterior cingulate cortex and supplementary motor area of healthy volunteers and participants with OCD. Participants with OCD had significantly higher levels of glutamate and lower levels of GABA in the ACC and a higher Glu:GABA ratio in that region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Biria |first1=Marjan |last2=Banca |first2=Paula |last3=Healy |first3=Máiréad P. |last4=Keser |first4=Engin |last5=Sawiak |first5=Stephen J. |last6=Rodgers |first6=Christopher T. |last7=Rua |first7=Catarina |last8=de Souza |first8=Ana Maria Frota Lisbôa Pereira |last9=Marzuki |first9=Aleya A. |last10=Sule |first10=Akeem |last11=Ersche |first11=Karen D. |last12=Robbins |first12=Trevor W. |date=2023-06-27 |title=Cortical glutamate and GABA are related to compulsive behaviour in individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder and healthy controls |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=3324 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-38695-z |pmid=37369695 |issn=2041-1723|pmc=10300066 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.3324B }}</ref>

Recent [[Seed-based d mapping|SDM meta-analyses]] of [[voxel-based morphometry]] studies comparing people with OCD and healthy controls has found people with OCD to have increased [[grey matter]] volumes in bilateral [[lenticular nucleus|lenticular nuclei]], extending to the [[caudate nucleus|caudate nuclei]], while decreased grey matter volumes in bilateral dorsal [[medial frontal gyrus|medial frontal]]/anterior cingulate cortex.<ref name="Radua and Mataix-Cols, 2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Radua J, Mataix-Cols D | title = Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 195 | issue = 5 | pages = 393–402 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19880927 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055046 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="radua2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Radua J, van den Heuvel OA, Surguladze S, Mataix-Cols D | title = Meta-analytical comparison of voxel-based morphometry studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder vs other anxiety disorders | journal = Archives of General Psychiatry | volume = 67 | issue = 7 | pages = 701–11 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20603451 | doi = 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.70 | doi-access = free }}
</ref> These findings contrast with those in people with other anxiety disorders, who evince decreased (rather than increased) [[grey matter]] volumes in bilateral [[lenticular nucleus|lenticular]] / [[caudate nucleus|caudate nuclei]], while also decreased grey matter volumes in bilateral dorsal [[medial frontal gyrus|medial frontal]] / anterior cingulate gyri.<ref name="radua2010" />