Editing Anti-Americanism (section)

==== Communist critiques ====
Until its demise in 1991, the [[Soviet Union]] and other [[Communist state|communist nations]] emphasized [[capitalism]] as the great enemy of [[communism]], and identified the United States as the leader of capitalism. They sponsored anti-Americanism among followers and sympathizers. Russell A. Berman notes that in the mid-19th century, "[[Karl Marx|Marx]] himself largely admired the dynamism of American capitalism and democracy and did not participate in the anti-Americanism that came to be the hallmark of Communist ideology in the twentieth century".<ref>{{cite book|author=Russell A. Berman|title=Anti-Americanism in Europe: A Cultural Problem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8687I9FjRm8C&pg=PT58|year=2004|publisher=Hoover Press|page=58|isbn=9780817945121|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=8687I9FjRm8C&pg=PT58|url-status=live}}</ref> O'Connor argues that, "communism represented the starkest version of anti-Americanism – a coherent world view that challenged the [[free market]], private property, [[limited government]], and [[individualism]]".<ref>{{cite book|author=Brendan O'Conner|title=The Rise of Anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=au8edbGaTGQC&pg=PA183|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|page=183|isbn=9780203028780|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=au8edbGaTGQC&pg=PA183|url-status=live}}</ref>
The USA was and is heavily criticised by contemporary socialist nations and movements for [[American imperialism| imperialism]], especially as a reaction to [[United States involvement in regime change]]. In the [[DPRK]] for example, Anti-Americanism comes not only from ideological opposition to the USA and its actions, but also as a result of [[allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War]] and [[bombing of North Korea]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why does North Korea hate the United States? Let's go back to the Korean War. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/05/17/why-does-north-korea-hate-the-united-states-lets-go-back-to-the-korean-war/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref>

Authors in the [[Western world|West]], such as [[Bertolt Brecht]] and [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] criticized the U.S. and reached a large audience, especially on the left.<ref name="C. Vann Woodward 1992 34"/> In his ''Anti-Americanism'' (2003), French writer [[Jean François Revel]] argues that anti-Americanism emerges primarily from [[anti-capitalism]], and this critique also comes from non-communist, totalitarian regimes.

America was criticised and denounced by Communists such as [[Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev]] during the Russian Civil War. Galiev particularly emphasised native genocide of America and the institution of [[slavery in the United States|slavery]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anti-imperialism.org/2016/08/08/two-articles-by-mirsaid-sultan-galiev-1919/ |title=Archived copy |website=anti-imperialism.org |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629112952/https://anti-imperialism.org/2016/08/08/two-articles-by-mirsaid-sultan-galiev-1919/ |archive-date=29 June 2020 }}</ref> American treatment of minority groups such as natives and African-Americans would go on to be a continued point of opposition and criticism to the USA [[And you are lynching Negroes|throughout the 20th century]].

The [[East Germany|East German]] regime imposed an official anti-American ideology that was reflected in all its media and all the schools. Anyone who expressed support for the West would be investigated by the [[Stasi]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} The official line followed [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]'s theory of [[imperialism]] as the highest and last stage of capitalism, and in [[Georgi Dimitrov|Dimitrov]]'s theory of [[fascism]] as the dictatorship of the most [[reactionary]] elements of [[finance capitalism|financial capitalism]]. The official party line stated that the United States had caused the breakup of the coalition against [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]. It was now the bulwark of reaction worldwide, with a heavy reliance on warmongering for the benefit of the "terrorist international of murderers on [[Wall Street]]".<ref>Rainer Schnoor, "The Good and the Bad America: Perceptions of the United States in the GDR," in Detlef Junker, et al. eds. ''The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1968: A Handbook, Vol. 2: 1968–1990''  (2004)  pp 618–626, quotation on page 619.</ref> East Germans were told they had a heroic role to play as a front-line against the Americans.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} However, Western media outlets such as the American [[Radio Free Europe]] broadcasts, and [[West Germany|West German]] media may have limited Anti-Americanism. The official communist media ridiculed the modernism and cosmopolitanism of American culture, and denigrated the features of the American way of life, especially jazz music and [[rock and roll]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}