Editing Arabization (section)

===Sudan===
Contacts between Nubians and Arabs long predated the coming of Islam,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Emberling |first1=Geoff |title=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia |date=January 15, 2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=9780197521830 |pages=788}}</ref> but the Arabization of the Nile Valley was a gradual process that occurred over a period of nearly one thousand years. Arab [[nomad]]s continually wandered into the region in search of fresh pasturage, and Arab seafarers and merchants traded at [[Red Sea]] ports for spices and slaves. Intermarriage and assimilation also facilitated Arabization. Traditional genealogies trace the ancestry of the Nile valley's area of Sudan mixed population to Arab tribes that migrated into the region during this period. Even many non-Arabic-speaking groups claim descent from Arab forebears. The two most important Arabic-speaking groups to emerge in Nubia were the [[Ja'Alin|Ja'alin]] and the [[Juhaynah]].[[File:Migration of Arabs into Sudan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Map showing the late medieval migration of Arabs into Sudan]] 
In the 12th century, the Arab Ja'alin tribe migrated into [[Nubia]] and [[Sudan]] and gradually occupied the regions on both banks of the [[Nile]] from [[Khartoum]] to [[Abu Hamad]]. They trace their lineage to [[Abbas ibn 'Abdul Muttalib|Abbas]], uncle of the [[Islam]]ic prophet [[Muhammad]]. They are of Arab origin, but now of mixed blood mostly with Northern Sudanese and [[Nubians]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=103}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSDBkKgNgx8C&q=jaalin&pg=PA16|title=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 17|author=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, JSTOR (Organization)|year=1888|page=16|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref> In the 16th and 17th centuries, new Islamic kingdoms were established – the [[Funj Sultanate]] and the [[Sultanate of Darfur]], starting a long period of gradual [[Islamization]] and [[#Arabization in Sudan|Arabization]] in Sudan. These sultanates and their societies existed until the Sudan was conquered by the [[Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)|Ottoman Egyptian invasion]] in 1820, and in the case of Darfur, even until 1916.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition. (1972). New York: Harper and Row, p. 215</ref>

In 1846, Arab [[Rashaida people|Rashaida]], who speak [[Hejazi Arabic]], migrated from the [[Hejaz]] in present-day Saudi Arabia into what is now [[Eritrea]] and north-east Sudan, after tribal warfare had broken out in their homeland.  The Rashaida of Sudan live in close proximity with the [[Beja people]], who speak [[Bedawiyet|Bedawiye]] dialects in eastern Sudan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madote.com/2010/02/eritrea-rashaida-people.html|title=Eritrea: The Rashaida People|publisher=Madote.com|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref>